Kjeravery1541

Aldehydes are important in the aroma of Huangjiu and contribute the almond and sweet aromas to Huangjiu. The perceptual interactions of 3 important aldehyde compounds were investigated using S-curves. Three volatiles, benzaldehyde, furfural, and vanillin, reduced the "olfactory threshold" of an aromatic reconstitution (AR) from 24.2 mL/L to 11.0, 14.8 and 9.00 mL/L (AR/matrix, mL/L), respectively. Furthermore, synergistic effects were observed in a benzaldehyde and furfural mixture (7129, m/m) wherein the overall olfactory threshold value was reduced from 17.0 mL/L to 2.60 mL/L. In addition, these compounds could increase or decrease the intensity of sensory descriptors even at subthreshold concentrations, and the profiles confirmed that they had synergistic effects with other compounds in Huangjiu. In particular, when benzaldehyde and furfural were present in the actual concentration ratio determined in Huangjiu (7129, m/m), the enhancement of the Qu and sweet aromas became significant, which indirectly indicated synergy between them. Broccolini is originated from crossing the regular broccoli with Chinese kale. Consequently, it has similar properties to these vegetables, but other very particular characteristics. Its consumption has increased in the last few years and, consequently, there have been some studies related to its quality parameters and the influence of different cooking methods. Nevertheless, changes on its phenolic composition and mineral content originated by its cooking have not been investigated in-depth so far. Here we report the phytochemical profile of broccolini before and after boiling, steaming, and griddling cooking treatments. The mineral content and phytochemicals were assessed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), respectively. Cloperastine fendizoate The main phenolics (mainly hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives from caffeic, coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acids) were quantified. Three oxylipins, three flavonoid glycosides and the glucosinolate glucobrassicin were also identified. ABTS and DPPH assays were also used as screening methods to assess the antioxidant potential of broccolini. A significant loss of the phenolic compounds and a reduction of the antioxidant activity were observed after the three cooking methods. Clear disadvantages were detected when broccolini was boiled, namely high losses of phenolic acids and derivatives (70%). Steaming and griddling also led to a significant loss of phenolics (50%) from fresh broccolini. The mineral content of this vegetable after domestic cooking procedures is also reported for the first time, calculating the contribution of broccolini consumption to official daily recommendations. Bread aroma is the principal characteristic perceived by the consumer yet it is mostly disregarded in the product chain. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the potential to include bread aroma as a new target criterion into the wheat product chain. The objectives of our study were to (i) quantify the influence of genetic versus environmental factors on the bread aroma and quality characteristics, (ii) evaluate whether bread baked from modern wheat varieties differ in terms of aroma from those baked from old varieties, and (iii) compare genomic and metabolomic approaches for their efficiency to predict bread aroma and quality characteristics in a wheat breeding program. Agronomic characters as well as bread aroma and quality traits were assessed for 18 old and 22 modern winter wheat varieties evaluated at up to three locations in Germany. Metabolite profiles of all 120 flour samples were collected using a 7200 GC-QTOF. Considerable differences in the adjusted entry means for all examined bread aroma and quality characters were observed. For aroma, which was rated on a scale from 1 to 9, the adjusted entry means varied for the 40 wheat varieties between 3 and 8. In contrast, the aroma of bread prepared from old and modern wheat varieties did not differ significantly (P  less then  0.05). Bread aroma was not significantly (P  less then  0.05) correlated with grain yield, which suggested that it is possible to select for the former character in wheat breeding programs without reducing the gain of selection for the latter. Finally, we have shown that bread aroma can be better predicted using a combination of metabolite and SNP genotyping profiles instead of the SNP genotyping profile only. In conclusion, we have illustrated possibilities to increase the quality of wheat for consumers in the product chain. In the present study, the action mechanism of ultrasound (US) combined with sodium hypochlorite (SH) against Escherichia coli was illustrated by different analysis, including reduction, particle size distribution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), K+ leakage, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and fluorescence spectroscopy of Escherichia coli. The results showed that ultrasound improved the antimicrobial effect of SH in control of E. coli. No significant difference was obtained in reduction of E. coli, CLSM analysis and K+ leakage between US + SH30 (US + 30 ppm SH) and SH50 (50 ppm SH) treatment. Smaller particle size was recorded in US and US + SH30 treatment. The changes of morphology and intracellular organization of E. coli cells as a result of these treatments were confirmed by SEM and TEM analyses. Fluorescence spectroscopy results indicated SH30, US + SH30 and SH50 treatment caused the burial of tyrosine residues and tryptophan residues as well as increase of hydrophobicity. Therefore, the mechanism of US + SH30 treatment against E. coli involved decreased particle size, damaged membrane and changes of intracellular organization and protein conformation. The orchid-like odor of a tea infusion is regarded as a noble aroma and an essential sensory attribute for certain premium teas. Such tea leaves are difficult to make and the quality is not always reproducible. This study is focused on the molecular sensory basis of the orchid-like attribute in tea brews. The aroma is defined as jasmine- and magnolia-like floral notes with a fruity undertone and found to be closely related to the flower scent of the orchid Cymbidium faberi Rolfe (hui lan) by a sensory panel. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and aroma extract dilution analysis revealed that the key contributor was (Z)-methyl epijasmonate (epi-MeJA), which was also one of the main odor compounds in the flower scent of C. faberi and in the infusions of selected high-quality teas. Concentration of epi-MeJA was ranging from 0.09 to 2.2 µg/g in the oolong and green tea leaves.