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a newsight for elucidation of functional changes of TCMs in vivo.Climate change is expected to increase extreme weather events, such as more extreme drought and rainfall incidences, with consequences for ecosystem carbon (C) cycling. An understanding of how drying and rewetting (DRW) events affect microbe-mediated soil processes is therefore critical to the predictions of future climate. Here, a reciprocal-transplant experiment was conducted using two soils originated from distinct climate and agricultural managements to evaluate how soil biotic and abiotic properties regulate soil respiration and its resilience to simulated DRW cycles. We found that regardless of the DRW intensity, the effects of microbial community on soil respiration and its resilience to DRW cycles were dependent on soil type. Soil microbial communities yielded higher respiration rates and resilience in native than foreign soils under both one and four DRW cycles, supporting the "home-field advantage" hypothesis. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that soil pH and total C directly influenced soil respiration, but effects of soil abiotic properties on respiration resilience were mediated by microbial communities. Among microbial drivers, the microbial C utilization capacity (as characterized by community-level physiological profile, C-acquisition enzyme activities and microbial metabolic quotients) was the best predictor of respiration resilience to DRW cycles, followed by microbial biomass carbon/nitrogen ratio and microbial community composition. Our study suggests that soil microbial communities may have adapted to their historical conditions, which facilitates the resilience of soil respiration to changing environments, but this adaptation may accelerate C loss from soils facing increasingly variable climate.We determined the immediate impact of exposure to antibiotic-treated animals on housing soil microbiome and resistome. Fecal (n = 36) and soil (n = 108) samples from dairy calves (n = 6) treated with and without florfenicol over 30 days were collected. There were temporary changes in the gut microbiome of antibiotic-treated calves as measured by Shannon diversity (16S rRNA gene sequencing; P = 0.03), but not in the housing soil microbiome (P > 0.05). Droplet-digital PCR demonstrated that floR gene increased by 1-log in soil exposed to treated animals (P less then 0.001), but it remained relatively stable in the control soil whereby calves were not treated with antibiotic. Resistome in exposed soil was largely modified (P = 0.004) with the overall prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) significantly elevated (3.8-fold increase by day 10; P = 0.01). In addition to florfenicol, enriched ARGs collectively conferring resistance to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, elfamycins, macrolides-lincosamides-streptrogramin A/B, and beta-lactams. Quantitative PCR validated that ARGs including str and tetG in soil exposed to florfenicol-treated calves had gradually increased fold-change difference relative to the control soil over time. Moreover, a greater diversity of transferrable ARGs was observed in exposed soil and these were associated with a greater diversity of bacterial species. Evaluation of on-farm effects to soil in situ after exposure to antibiotic-treated animals can help design effective managements to mitigate antibiotic resistance in food-animal production.To simultaneously promote biomass yield and astaxanthin content of Haematococcus pluvialis, ammonium ferric citrate (AFC) was employed to stimulate light harvest in photosynthesis during the green stage and oxidation induction in astaxanthin accumulation during the red stage. AFC not only improved chlorophyll synthesis by 22.5% to provide more electrochemical potential energy in the green stage, but also alleviated photosystem II damage to maintain a high level of effective quantum yield by enhancing carotenoid production. The citrate derived from AFC stimulated acetyl-CoA and NADPH production through citric acid cycle and transaminase cycle during the red stage, resulting in an increased lipid content by 1.77-fold. The astaxanthin content in H. pluvialis cells cultivated with 5 μM AFC was 12.5% higher than that without AFC, which was attributed to severe oxidative stress caused by AFC through Haber-Weiss reaction. These results provided a new approach to reduce emission of greenhouse gasses with producing high-value products.The timing and duration of snow cover critically affect surface albedo, surface energy budgets, and hydrological processes. Previous studies using in-situ or satellite remote sensing data have mostly been site-specific (Siberia and the Tibetan Plateau), and remote sensing and/or modeling data include large uncertainties. Here, we used 1103 stations with long-term (1966-2012) ground-based snow measurements to investigate spatial and temporal variability in snow cover timing and duration and factors impacting those changes across the Eurasian continent. We found the earliest annual onset and latest disappearance of snow cover occurred along the Arctic coast, where the long-term (1971-2000) mean annual snow cover duration (SCD) was more than nine months which was the longest in this study. Pembrolizumab The shortest SCD, ≤10 days, was found in southern China. The first and last dates of snow cover (FD and LD, respectively), SCD, and the ratio of SCD to snow season length (RDL) were generally latitude dependent over the Eurasian Continent, while were elevation dependent on the Tibetan Plateau. During the period from 1966 through 2012, FD delayed and LD advanced by ~1 day/decade, and RDL increased by about 0.01/decade. The LD, SCD, and RDL anomalies (relative to the period 1971-2000) were also significantly correlated with latitude. Advances in LD and positive RDL were more significant in low-latitude regions, decreases in SCD were more significant in high-latitude regions. Changes in SCD were related to air temperature and snowfall in autumn and warming in spring. SCD specifically increased in the northern Xinjiang and northeastern China due to increased snowfall. The significant reduction in SCD in southwestern Russia, the Tibetan Plateau and along the Yangtze River was mainly affected by climate warming.