Burnettzimmerman5747

Substantial advances have been made recently in the pathobiology of pituitary tumors. Similar to many other endocrine tumors, over the last few years we have recognized the role of germline and somatic mutations in a number of syndromic or non-syndromic conditions with pituitary tumor predisposition. These include the identification of novel germline variants in patients with familial or simplex pituitary tumors and establishment of novel somatic variants identified through next generation sequencing. Advanced techniques have allowed the exploration of epigenetic mechanisms mediated through DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, long noncoding RNAs and circular RNAs. These mechanisms can influence tumor formation, growth and invasion. While genetic and epigenetic mechanisms often disrupt similar pathways, such as cell cycle regulation, in pituitary tumors there is little overlap between genes altered by germline, somatic and epigenetic mechanisms. The interplay between these complex mechanisms driving tumorigenesis are best studied in the emerging multi-omics studies. selleck chemical Here, we summarize insights from the recent developments in the regulation of pituitary tumorigenesis. © Endocrine Society 2020.With agriculture rapidly becoming a data driven field it is imperative to extract useful information from large data collections to optimize the production systems. We compared the efficacy of regression (linear regression or generalized linear regression for continuous or categorical outcomes, respectively), random forests (RF) and multilayer neural networks (NN) to predict beef carcass weight (CW), age when finished (AS), fat deposition (FD), and carcass quality (CQ). The data analyzed contained information on over 4 million beef cattle from 5,204 farms, corresponding to 4.3% of Brazil's national production between 2014-2016. Explanatory variables were integrated from different data sources and encompassed animal traits, participation in a technical advising program, nutritional products sold to farms, economic variables related to beef production, month when finished, soil fertility, and climate in the location in which animals were raised. The training set was composed of information collected in 2014 and allocation of resources at all levels of the production chain, rendering animal production more sustainable. Despite beef cattle production being a complex system, this analysis shows that by integrating different sources of data it is possible to forecast meat production and quality at the national level with moderate-high levels of accuracy. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary CP level and N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) supplementation on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and ileal digestibility of nutrients and digestive enzyme activity of jejunum in growing pigs. In Exp. 1, ten Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire barrows (initial BW 48.7 kg) were allotted to a 3-period switchback design with 5 experimental diets and 2 replicate pigs per diet in each period. Diets were high-CP (HP, 18% CP), moderate low-CP (MLP, 15% CP), very low-CP (VLP, 12% CP), and MLP and VLP with 0.1% NCG supplementation. Feces and urine were collected from d 6 to 11 after a 5-d adaptation period. The DE, ME and ATTD of GE, OM, CP, NDF, ADF and P decreased (P less then 0.01) with reduction of dietary CP, but no effect of dietary treatments on pig daily N retention was detected. The NCG supplementation increased (P less then 0.01) DE and ATTD of ADF of VLP diet. In Exp. 2, ten jejunal-cannulated Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire barrows (initial(P less then 0.01) the AID of CP and ileal digestibility of Arg, His, Leu, Phe, Val, Ser and Tyr. In conclusion, reducing dietary CP level decreased nutrient digestibility, but improved the efficiency of dietary N utilization and reduced N emission. Moderate reduction of dietary CP level had a minimal effect on nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activity. Additionally, NCG supplementation plays beneficial effect on nutrient digestion only if the dietary CP level is extremely lowered. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.BACKGROUND Several studies reported that Ulcerative colitis (UC) patients with endoscopic mucosal healing may still have histologic inflammation. We investigated the relationship between mucosal healing defined by modified PICaSSO (Paddington International Virtual ChromoendoScopy ScOre), Mayo Endoscopic Score (MES) and probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) with histological indices in UC. METHODS A prospective study enrolling 82 UC patients (M 66%) was conducted. High definition (HD) colonoscopy was performed to evaluate the activity of the disease with MES assessed with High Definition (HD-MES) and modified PICaSSO and targeted biopsies were taken; pCLE was then performed. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to determine the best thresholds for modified PICaSSO and pCLE scores that predicted histological healing according to the Robarts Histopathology Index (RHI) and ECAP 'Extension, Chronicity, Activity, Plus' histology score. RESULTS A modified PICaSSO of ≤4 predicted histological healing at RHI ≤3, with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of 89.8%, 95.7%, 91.5% and 95.9% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and AUROC of HD-MES to predict histological healing by RHI were 81.4%, 95.7, 85.4% and 92.1%, respectively. A pCLE ≤10 predicted histological healing with sensitivity 94.9%, specificity 91.3%, accuracy of 93.9% and AUROC of 96.5%. An ECAP of ≤10 was predicted by modified PICaSSO ≤4 with accuracy of 91.5% and AUROC of 95.9%. CONCLUSION Histological healing by RHI and ECAP is accurately predicted by HD-MES and modified virtual electronic Chromoendoscopy PICaSSO,endoscopic score ; and the use of pCLE did not improve the accuracy any further. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.