Haydenhoffman5485

Depressed individuals exhibit an attentional bias towards mood-congruent stimuli, yet evidence for biased processing of threat-related information in human interaction remains scarce. Here, we tested whether an attentional bias towards interpersonally aggressive pictures over interpersonally neutral pictures could be observed to a greater extent in depressed participants than in control participants. Eye movements were recorded while the participants freely viewed visually matched interpersonally aggressive and neutral pictures, which were presented in pairs. Across the groups, participants spent more time looking at neutral pictures than at aggressive pictures, probably reflecting avoidance behavior. When the participants could anticipate the stimulus valence, depressed participants - but not controls - showed an early attentional bias towards interpersonally aggressive pictures, as indexed by their longer first fixation durations on aggressive pictures than on neutral pictures. Our results thus preliminarily suggest both an early attentional bias towards interpersonal aggression, which is present, in depressed participants, also when aggression contents are anticipated, and a later attentional avoidance of aggression. The early depression-related bias in information processing may have maladaptive effects on the way depressed individuals perceive and function in social interaction and can, therefore, maintain depressed mood.Aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) locate and acquire invertebrates from within woody substrates at all levels of the rainforest; yet how their locomotion helps them accommodate this diet has not been explored in detail. We studied the locomotor behavior of an adult female (N = 1,085) and juvenile male (N = 708) aye-aye in the undisturbed forest of Torotorofotsy, Madagascar from May to December 2017. We used bout sampling to record locomotion during foraging and travel of the two radio-collared individuals. We used χ 2 tests to compare overall locomotion, travel, and foraging, as well as strata and support use. We performed a correspondence analysis to examine relationships between individual behaviors, strata, and support types. Leaping accounted for 47.9% and 50.1% of all locomotor activity in the adult female and juvenile male, respectively. Leaping was the most common behavior during travel in both individuals (59.2% and 53.9%, respectively), whereas head-first descent was most frequent during foraging (35.0% and 48.0%, respectively). For all three locomotor categories, the main canopy (40.3%-79.6%) was used most frequently and trunks were the most frequently used support type (50.7%-60.0%). There is a strong association between strata and support use overall and during travel. learn more Quadrupedal walking was significantly associated with the main canopy, as was head-first descent with the low canopy. Our analysis demonstrates that aye-ayes use a variety of locomotor behaviors to forage for invertebrates. Aye-ayes' ability to repurpose their positional repertoire to acquire other resources in degraded forests should not obscure the importance of invertebrates to this species.In vitro liver toxicity tests performed using cell lines cultured as two-dimensional (2D) monolayer have limited CYP450 activity and may be inadequate for screening chemicals that require activation to exert toxicity. Metabolic competence is greatly improved using three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. In this study, Cyp1a induction, and subsequent DNA damage response induced by benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) were compared in 2D monolayer cells and 3D spheroids of the chicken hepatic cell line, LMH. Cells were exposed to BaP (0.1-100 μM) for different durations 8, 24, 35, or 48 hr. Cyp1a activity, mRNA expression of Cyp1a and DNA damage response (DDR) genes, and phosphorylation of H2AX (γH2AX) were determined using the EROD assay, a customized PCR array, and flow cytometry, respectively. EROD activity was induced at 8 hr and achieved maximal induction at 24 hr in spheroids; earlier time points than for monolayer cells. In spheroids, BaP exposure resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in Cyp1a4 mRNA expression at 8 hr followed by upregulation of DDR genes at 24 hr, whereas Cyp1a4 mRNA induction was only observed at 48 hr in monolayer cells. Cyp1a5 mRNA was induced at 8 hr in monolayer cells but maximum induction was greater in spheroids. An increase in γH2AX was observed at 24 hr in spheroids; this endpoint was not evaluated in monolayer cells. These results suggest that BaP metabolism precedes the DNA damage response and occurs earlier in 3D spheroids. This study demonstrates that LMH 3D spheroids could be a suitable metabolically-competent in vitro model to measure genotoxicity of chemicals that require metabolic activation by Cyp1a.To determine whether ellagic acid (EA) induces the "beige remodeling" of white adipose tissue (WAT), we treated cold-exposed mice and mouse stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells with EA, a phytochemical abundant in fruits and vegetables, in particular berries. We then investigated the mechanism of EA in beige remodeling with a particular focus on DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission and SIRT3. EA induced the trans-differentiation of white adipocytes to beige adipocytes by promoting the expression of UCP1 and other brown and beige adipocytes/fat factors (PRDM16, UCP1, PGC1α, CD137, and TBX1) and mitochondrial dynamics-related factors (SIRT3, NRF1, CPT1β, DRP1, and FIS1) in 3T3-L1/SVF cells, and these were confirmed in the inguinal WAT of a cold-exposed mouse model. The browning effect of EA was abolished by a potent DRP1 inhibitor Mdivi-1 or SIRT3 knockdown, suggesting that EA induces beige remodeling of WAT by regulating the mitochondrial dynamics and SIRT3.

Maternal health is critical to the health and well-being of children and families, but is rarely the primary focus of pregnancy and birth cohort studies. Globally, poor maternal health and the exposure of women and children to family violence contribute to the perpetuation and persistence of intergenerational health inequalities.

The Maternal Health Study was designed to investigate the contribution of social and obstetric risk factors to common maternal physical and psychological morbidities. Over time, our focus has expanded to include mother-child pairs and investigation of intergenerational trauma and family violence.

A total of 1507 first-time mothers were recruited in early pregnancy from six public hospitals in Melbourne, Australia, in 2003-2005.

Women completed questionnaires or telephone interviews in early pregnancy (≤24weeks); at 32weeks' gestation; at three, six, nine, 12 and 18months postpartum; and at four and ten years. At ten years, women and children were invited to participate in face-to-face interviews, which included direct assessment of children's cognitive and language development.