Markermosley2142

Objective Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics, such as paliperidone palmitate (PP), are known to improve treatment adherence in patients with schizophrenia, which can lead to reductions in relapse and hospitalization rates. However, relatively few studies have demonstrated the economic impact of LAIs, especially in Asian populations. Methods We conducted a claim-based mirror-image study to explore changes in healthcare utilization and associated costs, among 1,272 South Korean patients with schizophrenia (ICD-10-CM code F20), between the 1-year periods before and after the initiation of PP treatment. Results Patients accessed outpatient services more frequently after versus before starting PP treatment, with the number of prescription days increasing by 133.45 (p ＜ 0.0001) and the associated costs increasing by USD 1,497.15 (p ＜ 0.0001). The number of admission days was reduced by 11.33 after starting PP treatment (p ＜ 0.0001) and the associated costs were reduced by USD 1,220.75 (p ＜ 0.0001). However, admission cost savings were different according to patients' oral drug compliance. The daily dosages for benztropine, procyclidine, and propranolol decreased, showing that there were fewer side-effects after PP-treatment (p ＜ 0.0001). Conclusion Although the high acquisition cost of PP has been regarded as an obstacle to its clinical use, our results imply that the high prescription costs for PP may be counterbalanced by the reduced admission costs associated with its use. Economic outcomes for patients treated with LAIs should be investigated further to help healthcare decision-makers and providers to determine the value of LAIs relative to other treatment medications.Objective Smoking cue-(SC) elicited craving can lead to relapse in SC-vulnerable individuals. Thus, identifying treatments that target SC-elicited craving is a top research priority. Reduced drug cue neural activity is associated with recovery and is marked by a profile of greater tonic (resting) activation in executive control regions, and increased connectivity between executive and salience regions. Evidence suggests the GABA-B agonist baclofen can reduce drug cue-elicited neural activity, potentially through its actions on the resting brain. Based on the literature, we hypothesize that baclofen's effects in the resting brain can predict its effects during SC exposure. Methods In this longitudinal, double blind, placebo-controlled neuropharmacological study 43 non-abstinent, sated treatment-seeking cigarette smokers (63% male) participated in an fMRI resting-state scan and a SC-reactivity task prior to (T1) and 3 weeks following randomization (T2; baclofen 80 mg/day; n = 21). Subjective craving reports were acquired before and after SC exposure to explicitly examine SC-induced craving. Results Whole-brain full-factorial analysis revealed a group-by-time interaction with greater resting brain activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) at T2 in the baclofen group (BAC) (pFWEcorr = 0.02), which was associated with reduced neural responses to SCs in key cue-reactive brain regions; the anterior ventral insula and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (pFWEcorr ＜ 0.01). BAC, but not the placebo group reported decreased SC-elicited craving (p = 0.02). Compound C order Conclusion Results suggest that baclofen mitigates the reward response to SCs through an increase in tonic activation of the dlPFC, an executive control region. Through these mechanisms, baclofen may offer SC-vulnerable smokers protection from SC-induced relapse.Objective Previous studies have indicated a convergent and bidirectional relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and bipolar disorder (BD). As most of these studies focused mainly on adults diagnosed with BD, our study aims to investigate and characterize metabolic disturbances in child-adolescents diagnosed with BD. Methods We retrospectively examined the medical records of psychiatric hospitalizations with admitting diagnosis of BD in child-adolescents (age ＜ 18 years). Body mass index (BMI), lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, and blood pressure were primary variables. National Cholesterol Education Program criteria were used to define MetS. Reference group data was obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey study. Statistical analyses included t tests, chi-square tests, and Fisher's exact tests. Results We identified 140 child-adolescent patients with BD (mean age = 15.12 ± 1.70 years, 53% male). MetS was significantly more common in BD compared to the reference group 14% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 8-20) vs. 6.7% (95% CI 4.1-9.2), p = 0.001 with no significant difference by sex. MetS components were higher in the BD group, particularly BMI ≥ 95% (25% vs. 11.8%, p ＜ 0.001) and high blood pressure (17% vs. 8%, p = 0.05). Moreover, female patients had lower odds of high blood pressure (odds ratio = 0.24 [95% CI 0.08-0.69], p = 0.005). Conclusion Compared with the general child-adolescent population, the prevalence of MetS was significantly higher in patients with BD of same age. This reiterates the notion of an increased risk of MetS in patients diagnosed with BD; and thus, further exploration is warranted.Objective Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely produced synthetic chemical used to manufacture polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. We aimed to investigate the association between exposure to BPA and behavioral and cognitive function in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy controls. Methods The study included 444 children aged from 6 to 10 years. The ADHD and control groups included 195 and 249 children, respectively. BPA levels were assessed via urinalysis, while behavior was assessed using the Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) and the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-2). Cognitive function was assessed using the Continuous Performance Test (i.e., ADHD Diagnostic System [ADS]). Participants were categorized into tertile groups based on urinary BPA concentration. Results Scores on the K-ARS and the hyperactivity, aggression, anxiety, and depression subscales of the BASC-2 were significantly different among tertile groups for urinary BPA levels. Scores on visual omission error, commission error, response time variability, and auditory commission error of the ADS were significantly different among three BPA groups.