Singhporter7036

It is believed that artificial intelligence applications will be effective in identifying patients with preventable vision loss and directing them to physicians, especially in developing countries where there are fewer trained professionals and physicians are difficult to reach. When we consider the possibility that some future artificial intelligence systems may be candidates for moral/ethical status, certain ethical issues arise. Questions about moral/ethical status are important in some areas of applied ethics. Although it is accepted that current intelligence systems do not have moral/ethical status, it has yet to be determined what the exact the characteristics that confer moral/ethical status are or will be.Objectives To report the clinical and demographic characteristics, imaging findings, treatment results, and follow-up data of patients with iris cysts. Materials and Methods The medical records of 37 patients with iris cysts were retrospectively analyzed. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT), and SS-OCT angiography (SS-OCTA) were performed to examine the iris cysts. Results The mean age of the patients was 34.4 years, ranging from 5 to 85 years. Twenty-four patients (65%) were female and 13 (35%) were male. Mean follow-up period was 21.3 months, ranging from 4 months to 8 years. Thirty-five (94.5%) of the cysts were classified as primary and 2 (4.5%) were classified as secondary. Thirty-one (83.7%) of the primary cysts were pigment epithelial and 4 were stromal. Primary iris pigment epithelial (IPE) cysts were classified as peripheral in 26 patients (72.2%), midzonal in 4 (11.1%), and dislodged in 1 (2.7%). Stromal cysts were classified as acquired in 3 patients (8.1%) and congenital in 1 patient (2.7%). Secondary iris cysts were caused by perforating eye injury. UBM could visualize both the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cysts (26 patients). Anterior segment SS-OCT could visualize the anterior but not the posterior surface of the cysts (4 patients). Iris cysts did not display intrinsic vascularity on SS-OCTA (4 patients). All pigment epithelial cysts were managed by observation. Of the 4 primary stromal cysts, 3 were managed by surgical excision and 1 by observation. Two secondary cysts required surgical removal. Conclusion Pigment epithelial cysts generally remain stable without need for treatment. However, iris stromal cysts frequently require surgical intervention. UBM and SS-OCT were valuable in the diagnosis of iris cysts. On UBM, iris cysts appear with a thin, hyperechoic wall with hypoechoic internal content. Iris cysts did not have intrinsic vascularity on anterior segment SS-OCTA.Objectives To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the macular ganglion cell complex-to-total retinal thickness (G/T) ratio in a Caucasian population. Materials and Methods A total of 86 patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Patients were divided into 4 groups healthy; ocular hypertension; preperimetric glaucoma; and early glaucoma. Macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC) thickness, total retinal thickness, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) in one randomly selected eye of each patient were measured with measured with Heidelberg HD spectral domain optical coherence tomography (Heidelberg Engineering, Inc., Heidelberg, Germany). G/T ratio (%) was calculated as (mGCC thickness / total retinal thickness) x100. The ability of each parameter to diagnose glaucoma was examined by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) analysis and sensitivity evaluation at a fixed level of specificity. Unpaired t test was used to compare the measured values between the healthy subjects and the different patient groups. Results The study included 9 healthy individuals, 18 patients with ocular hypertension, 28 with preperimetric glaucoma, and 31 with early glaucoma. Total retinal thickness, mGCC thickness, RNFLT, and G/T ratio were highest in the healthy group and decreased progressively in patients with ocular hypertension, preperimetric glaucoma, and early glaucoma. All comparisons between the groups were significant for these parameters (p less then 0.001 for all). selleckchem Average RNFLT, average GCC, and total retinal thickness showed consistently higher AUROC than G/T ratio in the differentiation between healthy individuals and patients with ocular hypertension, preperimetric glaucoma, and early glaucoma. Conclusion G/T ratio does not contribute to separation of ocular hypertension, preperimetric glaucoma, and early glaucoma patients from the healthy population. Compared to the other parameters investigated, G/T had lower diagnostic value.in English, French La prise en charge de certains cancers a été révolutionnée par l’arrivée des inhibiteurs de points de contrôle immunitaires. Leurs utilisation et indications augmentent en parallèle de la reconnaissance de leurs effets secondaires. Parmi les effets indésirables immunomédiés (immune-related adverse events – irAE) rhumatologiques, arthrites, myosites et vasculites sont les plus fréquents. Les irAE rhumatologiques peuvent survenir tardivement – même après l’arrêt de l’immunothérapie – et se chroniciser. Dans cet article, nous reprenons les principes de l’immunothérapie, les manifestations ainsi que la prise en charge des irAE rhumatologiques les plus fréquents et discutons brièvement le sujet de l’immunothérapie chez le patient avec maladie autoimmune préexistante.in English, French Au lieu d’un seul médicament, la prise en charge optimale de l’arthrose consiste en une thérapie combinée. Dans ce cadre, il faut cibler la douleur, les lésions structurelles et la biomécanique perturbée. Des progrès concrets ont été réalisés avec divers nouveaux agents thérapeutiques. Par exemple, la sécurité d’inhibiteurs du NGF (nerve growth factor) a été mieux évaluée lors du traitement de la douleur avec des doses plus faibles. Bien que le traitement anti-inflammatoire par inhibiteur de l’interleukine 1 n’ait pas eu d’effet positif clair à court terme sur l’arthrose de la main ou du genou, il semble réduire le taux de prothèses du genou et de la hanche, du moins chez certaines populations de patients. Des facteurs de croissance tels que le FGF-18 (fibroblast growth factor 18) se présentent comme de bons candidats pour le traitement médicamenteux de la structure du cartilage. Un meilleur phénotypage de l’arthrose, par exemple sur les plans mécanique, microcristallin et métabolique, est nécessaire pour obtenir un effet optimal.