Hurstluna2541
Measuring the body temperature is an essential component of the clinical examination of bovines. Next to its value for the diagnosis of diseases, body temperature also is an important value in clinical studies concerning estrus detection, calving time point prediction, or the evaluation of heat stress. This systematic review critically evaluates different methods of measuring bovine body temperature including rectal measurement, vaginal or ruminal temperature loggers, milk temperature, and infrared body surface thermography. Although body temperature measurement is a commonly employed and established diagnostic test, a close look at scientific studies displays multiple factors influencing body temperature data. The variability of results emphasizes the relevance of critically evaluating new measuring methods before introducing them into research or routine practice. Especially in terms of identifying specific cut-off values, i. e. for fever defined as body temperature > 39.5°C, the precision of the method is of importance, as the acquired values possess a high degree of influence on the veterinary decision taking process.Postpartum uterine diseases, such as puerperal metritis and clinical endometritis may affect over 40 % of cows in dairy farms. Regardless of their severity, these diseases are one of the main reasons for impaired fertility, causing declines in dairy cow productivity and hence, resulting in economic losses. Although uterine diseases have been the topic of scientific discussion for many years, until now it was not possible to agree on uniform definitions for the different kinds of manifestation. By including technical innovations and testing procedures, enormous scientific progress and a deeper knowledge of the physiology as well as the pathologic mechanisms have been achieved. Bovine metritis and endometritis may be regarded as multifactorial diseases caused by a combination of microbial infection, the dysregulation of the immune system, and additional risk factors. These interactions have been analyzed on microbial and molecular biological levels as well as by the use of bioinformatics and molecular genetics. As a result, new species of bacteria and inflammatory mediators possibly contributing to the development of uterine diseases have recently been described. Additionally, metabolic and genetic risk factors and their roles in leading to fertility impairment have been evaluated. In conclusion, it was possible to identify new approaches for possible therapeutic and preventive methods, a subset of which may already be implemented into daily practical routine. This article provides an overview of recent scientific results concerning bovine metritis and endometritis with a focus on microbial, microbiological and immunological studies.
The Fassisi
Bovine IgG Test is a rapid blood test for the measurement of IgG levels in calves. The present study examined the influences of examiner subjectivity as well as time period between test begin and interpretation on the test results.
A single serum sample was obtained from each of 36 calves up to 10 days of age. Six veterinarians evaluated the serum samples obtained from 12 of the animals (inter-individual comparison). For the remaining 24 calves, the result was interpreted by one person after 10 minutes (manufacturer's information) as well as after 20 and 30 minutes (intra-individual comparison).
In the inter-individual comparison, test interpretation differed in 4 out of 12 samples (33.3 %) between the different examiners. The intra-individual comparison showed that in 5 out of 24 samples (20.8 %) the test result were higher or lower when the time period from test begin to its interpretation was longer than the manufacturer's recommendation. In the majority of cases, the discrepancy amounted to maximally one level and the differences were not found to be statistically significant.
Interpretation of the presented test was shown to be subject to subjective variations. BYL719 in vivo Careful attention must be paid to adhering to the time period from test begin to its interpretation as specified by the manufacturer. Further studies verifying the presented results by a larger number of samples are warranted.
Interpretation of the presented test was shown to be subject to subjective variations. Careful attention must be paid to adhering to the time period from test begin to its interpretation as specified by the manufacturer. Further studies verifying the presented results by a larger number of samples are warranted.
To assess the efficacy of antibiotic usage for the treatment of puerperal metritis (PM) and its association with reproductive performance, a retrospective cohort study including a total of 9168 records of cows from a dairy farm in Argentina was run.
Cows having a PM3 (metricheck, scale 0-3) and treated with ceftiofur (ceftiofur crystalline free acid, 6.6 mg/kg) at 0-21 days postpartum (p. p.) (n = 2688), and cows having a PM 1-2 and not treated with an antibiotic at 0-21 days p. p. (n = 6480) were included in the study. All cows were reexamined with metricheck to assess the clinical cure (vaginal discharge [VD] score 0), partial cure (VD score similar or lower than previous), no cure (VD score higher than previous). Cows with a metricheck VD1-3 after 0-21 days p. p. were diagnosed as clinical endometritis (CE) 1-3. The occurrence of PM1-3, cure rate, calving to conception interval, the hazard of pregnancy, odds for non-pregnancy, and odds for CE were analyzed using SAS software.
A total of 8876 PM1-3 rehad clinical cure when measured by appearance of a clear VD. The cows that remained with clinical metritis had more chances of having CE after 21 days p. p. and had more days open than cows with clear normal VD.
After ceftiofur treatment, 78 % of cows were cured when measured by disappearance of fetid VD but only 25 % of cows had clinical cure when measured by appearance of a clear VD. The cows that remained with clinical metritis had more chances of having CE after 21 days p. p. and had more days open than cows with clear normal VD.
To investigate the association between haptoglobin concentration in the blood and the occurrence of ketosis, selected clinical parameters as well as lameness in dairy cows.
The data was collected on 39 dairy farms in Bavaria over a period of 8 months. In 712 Simmental and Brown Swiss cows, clinical examinations as well as milk and blood samplings were performed between 10 and 30 days after calving. In these blood samples, the concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and haptoglobin (Hp) were determined. Analysis of the milk included milk constituents (fat, protein, urea, lactose and acetone), BHBA, NEFA and the somatic cell count (SCC).
Significant correlations were found between increased Hp-concentration on the one hand and increased NEFA levels in blood and milk (p < 0.001), increased somatic cell count (p < 0.001), lameness (p < 0.001), as well as reduced lactose content (p < 0.001) and protein content in the milk (p = 0.001) on the other hand. Animals sampled during the warmer summer months showed significantly higher serum Hp-concentrations (p < 0,001).
