Boyettesolis5812

The aim of the article is to describe the development of the principles of medicine based on the evidence (EBM) based on postulates of Robert Koch, Nobel prize winner, protagonist of the "Golden Age" medical bacteriology, founder of a concept of modern microbiology and infectology. Kochs work led to the discovery of a causal relationship between exposure to a specific pathogen and disease on the example of identifying the cause of anthrax - Bacillus anthracis, a disease whose symptoms vary depending on the mode of transmission (gastrointestinal ingestion, cutaneous form on contact and pulmonary manifestations when inhaled). Tuberculosis caused by Kochs bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yet still affecting 1.7 billion people (about 25 % of the world's population), in 95 % of cases in developing countries, where poverty and high prevalence of HIV are part of everyday life. Koch also discovered Vibrio cholerae, the pathogen responsible for seven recorded pandemics, and hitherto sporadic epidemics in recent years. AZD1480 cost The main contribution of the Kochs four postulates formulation was the principle, which helped to reveal the causal relationship between the pathogenic microbe to protrude infectious disease and obtain reliable evidence in improving credibility of diagnosis of infectious diseases. Other stages in the development of EBM were formulated by Bradford Hill in his nine principles, which are valid as well for noncommunicable diseases. The subjects of discussion are limitations and restrictions of present EBM and its essentials and the use in rational preventive, diagnostic and treatment strategies.There are many species of arthropods in the Czech Republic and Slovakia that suck blood in humans and cause unpleasant skin reactions. The extent and type of local reaction depends on the number of previous exposures to the given ectoparasite species, which is also related to possible therapeutic interventions. The review summarizes the classes of arthropods that suck blood in humans in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The most important families of ticks (Ixodidae) and mosquitoes (Culicidae) pose the risk of transmitting the infection to humans. The individual infectious diseases, especially the possibilities of diagnosis and treatment of stages not requiring hospital care, and the most common myths related to this issue are briefly described.ATP-sensitive potassium channels have been an intensively studied type of protein complexes incorporated in the cell membrane for several decades. Their unique function makes them special, as they create a connection between the metabolic state and membrane voltage of the cell. This position of a bridge involved in many cellular cascades allow them to participate in various processes at often surprising positions in nearly all organ systems of the body, from the pancreas, heart muscle or retina, to the central nervous system. This review summarizes the most important roles of ATP-sensitive potassium channels focusing on their possible clinical use within particular organ systems.Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease nowadays. It is referred to as liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Given the growing incidence of diabetes and obesity, we can confidently say that we will be, or even are facing, a NAFLD pandemic in the near future. Despite strenuous efforts, there is no causal therapy and the only effective therapeutic modality is a complex lifestyle change encompasses diet and regime changes leading to a weight loss. However, it is clear from many published papers that putting these recommendations into practice and their long-term compliance with patients is very difficult. What can be offered to patients with NAFLD in clinical practice and how can they be rationally treated?Obesity brings problems both for individual health and economic of the whole society. Unfortunately, in addition to serious approaches to the therapy of obesity, lay offers by non-serious entrepreneurs are still prevalent, often leading to alternating stages of meaningless weight reduction with stages of uncontrolled states and overeating, which is negatively reflected in both physical and mental health. It is within the competence of experts to increase the nutritional literacy of patients. To teach patients to critically evaluate lay information and to put serious information into practical life is an important part of education. It is necessary to correct offers of quick weight loss through strict unbalanced diets or ineffective products but experts often do not have the time and motivation to publish in mass media. For 30 years STOB has tried to fill this gap and has developed programs that have led people to change their eating and movement habits. The aim of the intervention is not only education, but through cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy and mindfulness, STOB leads overweight people to transform theoretical knowledge into practical life. The organization of group courses of healthy losing weight is the main program. STOB has developed a short intervention methodology for physicians and offers a "distant" assistance to overweight people through printed materials and internet programs.COVID-19 pandemics places extreme demands on healthcare workers. Mental health support is supposed to be an indispensable part of complex care for workers for the sake of their adequate professional performance and prevention of psychological disturbances and psychiatric disorders. The most common problems connected with hard work conditions are reviewed and specific techniques to deal with acute stress are presented.Antibody identification is an important diagnostic tool that allows us to confirm a past SARS-CoV-2 infection. While antibody tests in the Czech Republic are yet to receive the attention they deserve, in the USA antibody testing has already become part of the diagnostic algorithms. The aim of this publication is to provide comprehensive information on the topic of antibody testing, the kinetics of antibody production, the types of tests and the issue of virus neutralization tests. Special attention is paid to the correct interpretation of test results and the issues surrounding reinfection.