Zhaocoyle1654

For advanced non-small cell lung cancer anti-PD-1 treatment has become standard care in first and second line treatment in recent years. Because many of the clinical trials with anti-PD-1 drugs have only recently been completed, long term follow up data of patients treated with these agents is scarce, even more so of patients treated in real life clinical care. We present long term follow up of patients treated with nivolumab.

Two hundred forty-eight patients with pre-treated, advanced NSCLC who received nivolumab between August 2015 and December 2018 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Overall survival and progression free survival rates were calculated for the total cohort and for subgroups defined by clinical characteristics, responses to treatment, and other parameters. Data on further lines of treatment and characteristics of long term survivors were also collected.

Median overall survival in the total cohort was 8.1 months, median progression free survival was 2.8 months. Overall survival after two and three years was 23.8% and 17.1%, respectively. Good ECOG performance scores, absence of liver metastases, experiencing treatment-related toxicity, and response to nivolumab were significantly associated with longer overall survival and progression free survival. SR-717 chemical structure Three-year survival rate among patients with an objective response was 55.3%. Survival for more than two years without subsequent therapy after nivolumab was observed in 13.3% of patients.

The results from our study confirm that long term survival rates of patients treated with nivolumab for advanced NSCLC in a real world clinical setting are comparable to survival rates shown in clinical trials.

The results from our study confirm that long term survival rates of patients treated with nivolumab for advanced NSCLC in a real world clinical setting are comparable to survival rates shown in clinical trials.The use of chitosan to harvest microalgae is a strategic step that seeks to reach an economically competitive price to recover lipids, proteins, and pigments. The aim of the present work was to design low-molecular-weight chitosan from shrimp shells and its physicochemical characterization, to be used for the harvesting of wild microalgae consortia. The chitosan was obtained by chemical deacetylation of shrimp shells, and physicochemical characterization was made using the instrumental methods DSC, TGA, X-ray, FTIR, and SEM. The harvesting of wild microalgae consortia was performed by the jar test method. The obtained chitosan had a low molecular weight (169 KDa), a deacetylation degree of 83 %, a decomposition temperature (TD) of 280 °C, and a crystallinity of 38.2 %. The microalgae genera found in the consortium were Scenedesmus sp., Chlorella sp., Schroderia sp., and Chlamydomonas sp. The microalgae removal efficiency of the chitosan was 99.2 % with 20 mg L-1.Tunnel pressure from the surrounding rocks plays a critical role for the safety of tunnel. The existing methods for calculate twin-tunnel pressure supposed that the tunnel is buried in a uniform soil layer. This work presents detailed equations of an analytical method to calculate the twin-tunnel pressure in layered strata, which can consider the effects from soil layers. The proposed method is applied to analyse the pressure of the metro twin-tunnels in Chongqing. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed analytical method, both the tunnel pressure in layered strata and single strata were calculated. The method article is a companion paper with the original article [1]. • Analyses of the soil parameters; • Determine the failure pattern A/B; • Calculate the vertical and horizontal pressure.This article describes in detail how the Dig It, Design It (DIDI) simulation tool operates to design a subsurface landscape sampling strategy and predict its likely effectiveness. The purpose of the DIDI model is to help archaeologists develop statistically sound subsurface sampling programs that maximise the number of sites found while minimising the number of sampling units used. It has been unusual for archaeological test-pitting programs to be theoretically tested or statistically justified by simulation prior to implementation. Previous research by Kintigh (1988) and Krakker et al. (1983) established the statistical principles underlying the subsurface sampling of a rectangular survey area, and Kintigh pioneered the use of Monte Carlo simulations to test the effectiveness of these sampling strategies. DIDI provides an updated version of this simulation approach that has three key benefits over the original version1.It allows the user to model a larger range of possible archaeological conditions by providing an additional density distribution function (see below), and making the clustering parameter available with all distribution functions;2.DIDI gives the user the option of filling the previously unavoidable gaps around the edges of the survey area with additional, suitably placed test-units, thereby increasing the detection rate of a sampling strategy; and3.It is free to download and use and is compatible with modern operating systems.Novel tobacco products that heat rather than burn tobacco (heated tobacco products or HTPs) have been shown to produce lower levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents than conventional combusted cigarettes. The present study uses a quantitative risk assessment approach to compare non-cancer and cancer risk estimates for emissions generated by an HTP with smoke from a reference cigarette (3R4F). Fifty-four analytes were evaluated from the HTP aerosol and the 3R4F cigarette smoke. Emissions were generated using the ISO and the Health Canada Intense smoking regimes. The measured values were extrapolated to define a conservative exposure assumption for per day use and lifetime use based on an estimated maximum usage level of 400 puffs per day i.e., approximately 8 HTP tobacco capsules or 40 combustible cigarettes. Non-cancer and cancer risk estimates were calculated using these exposure assumptions for individual and per health outcome domains based on toxicological reference values derived by regulatory and/or public health agencies.