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Among these, fear of being reported to the police was the most frequently reported reason (n = 280, 71%), while 216 (55%) reported that they had considered an ambulance to be unnecessary.

Many users of illegal substances do not reveal this to healthcare personnel. Some also avoid calling an ambulance in acute substance-related situations. Fear of police sanctions appears to be a plausible contributory factor.

Many users of illegal substances do not reveal this to healthcare personnel. Some also avoid calling an ambulance in acute substance-related situations. Fear of police sanctions appears to be a plausible contributory factor.

The intermediate care unit at Akershus University Hospital treats patients with incipient or manifest organ failure. Selecting patients who might benefit from treatment in an intermediate care unit is challenging. Few data are available on long-term survival of patients treated in medical intermediate care units and on how assumed favourable and unfavourable prognostic factors predict long-term survival in this population.

Comorbidity, reason for admission and whether an infection was a direct or contributory reason for the admission were prospectively registered for patients in the unit in 2014and 2016. We registered mortality up to six years after the admission and conducted a logistic regression analysis with three-year survival as the outcome variable.

Of the 2170included patients, 153 (7%) died in the intermediate care unit. Of the 2017patients who were discharged alive from the intermediate care unit, 55% were still alive three years later, including 28% of older patients aged over 80years and 23% of patients with cancer. 3-Aminobenzamide Age, malignancy, other comorbidity and infection were predictors of mortality.

Many patient groups in an intermediate care unit have a poor long-term prognosis. However, people older than 80years, cancer patients or patients with another serious comorbidity may live long after their stay in an intermediate care unit, and the fact of belonging to these groups should not be an independent reason for withholding treatment.

Many patient groups in an intermediate care unit have a poor long-term prognosis. However, people older than 80 years, cancer patients or patients with another serious comorbidity may live long after their stay in an intermediate care unit, and the fact of belonging to these groups should not be an independent reason for withholding treatment.

Toxoplasmosis is a relatively common cause of infectious papillitis and neuroretinitis, which may affect both immunocompetent and immunodeficient patients.

A previously healthy woman in her mid-forties presented with subacute onset of unilateral blurred vision and retrobulbar pain exacerbated by eye movements. Ophthalmological assessment revealed decimal best-corrected visual acuity of 0.75, an ipsilateral swollen disc and a peripapillary infiltrate. Serology indicated acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Cerebral MRI showed a periventricular lesion, and oligoclonal bands were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid.

This case illustrates that even when symptoms, MRI and cerebrospinal fluid findings suggest demyelinating disease, differential diagnoses must be considered in order to mitigate the negative therapeutic and prognostic consequences of a misdiagnosis.

This case illustrates that even when symptoms, MRI and cerebrospinal fluid findings suggest demyelinating disease, differential diagnoses must be considered in order to mitigate the negative therapeutic and prognostic consequences of a misdiagnosis.

Karl Evang's (1902-1981) efforts with regard to sex education in Norway are well documented, in particular his work in the interwar period, as an initiator and co-editor of Populært Tidsskrift for Seksuell Oplysning (Popular Journal for Sex Education) (1932-1935). This article takes Evang's work in the 1930s as its starting point, but emphasises his role in promoting sex education in schools after the war.

The main sources for the article are Evang's popular science texts on sex education as well as archive material that shows Evang's role in school policy. Searches have also been conducted in newspaper databases and in the journal. The text builds on research on Populært Tidsskrift and on the teaching of sex education in Norwegian schools undertaken by the author of this article.

Karl Evang worked to promote sex education in Norway. His professional and ideological efforts in this regard in the interwar period are well documented, but he was also committed to this cause as Norway's director general of well as after the war.The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO), the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG), the International Ovarian Tumour Analysis (IOTA) group and the European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy (ESGE) jointly developed clinically relevant and evidence-based statements on the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumours, including imaging techniques, biomarkers and prediction models. ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE nominated a multidisciplinary international group, including expert practising clinicians and researchers who have demonstrated leadership and expertise in the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumours and management of patients with ovarian cancer (19 experts across Europe). A patient representative was also included in the group. To ensure that the statements were evidence-based, the current literature was reviewed and critically appraised. Preliminary statements were drafted based on the review of the relevant literature. During a conference call, the whole group discussed each preliminary statement and a first round of voting was carried out. Statements were removed when a consensus among group members was not obtained. The voters had the opportunity to provide comments/suggestions with their votes. The statements were then revised accordingly. Another round of voting was carried out according to the same rules to allow the whole group to evaluate the revised version of the statements. The group achieved consensus on 18 statements. This Consensus Statement presents these ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE statements on the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumours and the assessment of carcinomatosis, together with a summary of the evidence supporting each statement.