Kokkolding6033

To document the distribution of potentially harmful Phytophthora spp. within Pennsylvania (PA), the PA Department of Agriculture collected 89 plant, 137 soil, and 48 water samples at 64 forested sites from 2018 to 2020. In total, 231 Phytophthora strains were isolated using baiting assays and identified based on morphological characteristics and sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial loci. Twenty-one Phytophthora spp. in nine clades and one unidentified species were present. Phytophthora abietivora, a recently described clade 7a species, was recovered from diseased tissue of 10 native broadleaved plants and twice from soil from 12 locations. Phytophthora abietivora is most likely endemic to PA based on pathogenicity tests on six native plant species, intraspecific genetic diversity, wide distribution, and recoveries from Abies Mill. and Tsuga Carrière plantations dating back to 1989. Cardinal temperatures and morphological traits are provided for this species. Other taxa, in decreasing order of frequency, include P. chlamydospora, P. plurivora, P. pini, P. cinnamomi, P. xcambivora, P. irrigata, P. gonapodyides, P. cactorum, P. pseudosyringae, P. hydropathica, P. stricta, P. xstagnum, P. caryae, P. intercalaris, Phytophthora 'bitahaiensis', P. heveae, P. citrophthora, P. macilentosa, P. cryptogea, and P. riparia. Twelve species were associated with diseased plant tissues. This survey documented 53 new plant-Phytophthora associations and expanded the known distribution of some species.Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Smith, an evergreen liana, is widely cultivated in China for its economic importance in traditional medicine. Many phytochemical studies on the stems and roots of K. coccinea have shown numerous biological activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-HIV, and anti-oxidant (Yang et al. 2020). In June 2020, a leaf spot disease on K. coccinea was observed in a plantation in Longan (23°3´N, 107°54´E), Guangxi, China. Disease incidence was observed on about 15% (43/283) of the plants. Symptoms began as small brown spots that expanded into approximately irregular spots (Fig. 1A-1B). To isolate the pathogen, diseased leaves were collected. The leaves were sterilized with 75% ethanol for 15 s followed by 2% sodium hypochlorite for 90 s, then rinsed three times in sterilized distilled water, cut into 5 × 5 mm pieces, and placed into potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. The plates were incubated in an incubator at 25°C in dark for 3 days. Fungal colonies with similar morphology of 28 isolates were cch wound on the left-half leaf and a 10 μl sterile water was inoculated on each wound on the right-half leaf (control). Each treatment was repeated three times. Inoculated leaves were wrapped in plastic bags for 3 days and plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 28°C, 80% relative humidity, and a 12-h photoperiod. check details Anthracnose spots formed 3 to 4 days after inoculation, whereas the control leaves treated with sterile water showed no symptoms. All re-isolations from spots produced colonies with the same morphological characters as C. fructicola, completing Koch's postulates. The pathogen was previously reported to cause anthracnose on strawberry (Zhong et al. 2021), preharvest fruit rot in apple (Nodet et al. 2019), leaf spot disease in Pouteria campechiana (Yang et al. 2021). Anthracnose on Kadsura coccinea caused by Colletotrichum siamense has previously been reported (Jiang et al. 2021). However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of C. fructicola causing leaf spot on K. coccinea in China.Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. is a Chinese traditional medicine herb, and is widely planted in China. The processed lateral roots of A. carmichaelii is known as Fuzi, and is used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in the joints (Zhou et al., 2015). In July 2019, a high incidence (approximately 50-100%) of soft rot of A. carmichaelii was observed in several commercial fields in Jiangyou County of Szechuan Province of China. Soft rot brownish lesions developed on infected stems, leading to collapse and wilting of entire plants. From symptomatic plants, the margins between the diseased and healthy areas were cut into pieces (5 × 5 mm), which were surface sterilized using 75% ethanol for 30 s and 2% NaOCl for 1 min, followed by three rinses with sterile water. The sterilized sections were macerated in drops of sterile water, and the extract was streaked onto King's B (KB) agar medium and incubated for 48 h at 30°C. Single colonies that are round, convex and creamy on the plates after 2 days were streaked onoculated seedlings became wilted and water soaked and started to collapse, similar to symptoms observed in the field. No symptoms were observed on the control plants inoculated with sterile water. The strain was re-isolated successfully from symptomatic A. carmichaelii and was identified as P. brasiliense by using PCR with the same primers to complete Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the soft rot of A. carmichaelii caused by P. brasiliense in China.Rice brown spot is an emerging disease of concern in many rice-growing countries. Different fungal species of the genera Bipolaris and Exserohilum were reported as the causal agents of this disease. These fungal pathogens cause similar necrotic lesions on leaves and infect grains with a significant effect on seed germination. In 2018, samples of rice seed and leaves with typical brown spot symptoms were collected from irrigated (Manikoura and Niono) and lowlands (M'pegnesso and Loulouni) rice fields in Mali and incubated for 5 to 7 days on wet filter paper at 25°C with 12 h photoperiod. Conidia observed under microscope were straight or slightly curved and light-brown or dark. They were also rostrate or obclavate and measured 31.4 to 275.6 x 7.3 to 18 µm (n=40). These morphological characteristics are identical to those of Exserohilum rostratum (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2018). DNA from eight single-spored isolates was extracted by a CTAB-based protocol (Doyle and Doyle, 1987). Internal transcribed spacer (ITeen observed on rice in many countries (Cardona and Gonzàlez 2007; Majeed et al. 2016; Silva et al. 2016; Toher et al. 2016). However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of E. rostratum causing brown spot in rice in Mali.Puebla is one of the provinces in Mexico that produces manzano pepper (Capsicum pubescens). Recently, the producers of manzano pepper from the northern highlands of Puebla reported an aggressive fruit blotch that caused severe damage and substantial economic losses. Symptoms were rot spots with mycelial growth at the center of the spot, necrosis in the periphery, a change in fruit size, loss of turgor and discoloration. The symptoms were observed at different fruit ripening stages. Around 50% of fruits of a plant (n=50) were infected. Diseased fruits were collected from March to September 2020 in Yaonáhuac Puebla, Mexico. These samples were sanitized (20% sodium hypochlorite for 20 min) and stored in humidity chambers (n=20) for 10 days at 28 °C and 70% relative humidity, to identify the causal agent of rot. Two fungal isolates were isolated and purified in potato dextrose agar (PDA) and the isolate with the less abundant mycelium was identified as Cylindrobasidium torrendii by ITS markers. C. torrendii did ne control of this disease.The degree of flooding commonly used to induce disease in Phytophthora root rot studies rarely occurs in container nurseries. Instead, over-irrigation and poor drainage result in plants periodically sitting in shallow pools of water. Rhododendron plants were grown in a noninfested substrate or substrate infested with Phytophthora cinnamomi or P. plurivora to determine whether root rot induced by flooding represents disease that occurs under simulated nursery conditions when plants are in a shallow pool of water (saucers) or are allowed to freely drain and maintained at ~ 75% container capacity (75% CC). Generally, P. cinnamomi caused more disease than P. plurivora and all water treatments were conducive to root rot. In experiment 1, the amount of disease due to flooding was similar to that in the saucer treatment (75% CC not tested) while in experiment 2, flooding often caused more rapid and severe disease than the saucer or 75% CC treatment. Pathogens differed in their response to water treatments. P. cinnamomi caused more disease in treatments with >90% substrate moisture for either a short (flood) or long duration (saucer), while P. plurivora was less capable of causing disease when soil moisture was maintained >90% than when substrate moisture was maintained at a more moderate level (flood, 75% CC). Our results indicate that it is not necessary to flood plants to induce disease under experimental conditions and that disease induced by flooding can represent disease in container nurseries when containers are in pools of water or maintained at ~75% CC. In addition, our results suggest that P. cinnamomi is a more aggressive pathogen than P. plurivora in nursery conditions where drainage is poor; however, both species are capable of causing a similar amount of disease under more typical irrigation management.Vascular malformations of the brain (VMB) comprise abnormal development of blood vessels. A small fraction of VMBs causes hemorrhages with neurological morbidity and risk of mortality in patients. Most often, they are symptomatically silent and are detected at advanced stages of disease progression. The most common forms of VMBs are arteriovenous and cavernous malformations in the brain. Radiopathological features of these diseases are complex with high phenotypic variability. Early detection of these malformations followed by preclusion of severe neurological deficits such as hemorrhage and stroke is crucial in the clinical management of patients with VMBs. The technological advances in high-throughput omics platforms have currently infused a zest in translational research in VMBs. Besides finding novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets, these studies have withal contributed significantly to the understanding of the etiopathogenesis of VMBs. Here we discuss the recent advances in predictive and prognostic biomarker research in sporadic and familial arteriovenous malformations as well as cerebral cavernous malformations. Furthermore, we analyze the clinical applicability of protein and noncoding RNA-based molecular-targeted therapies which may have a potentially key role in disease management.

Achieving complete revascularization after a single pass of a mechanical thrombectomy device (first pass effect [FPE]) is associated with good clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion. We assessed patient characteristics, outcomes, and predictors of FPE among a large real-world cohort of patients (Systematic Evaluation of Patients Treated with Stroke Devices for Acute Ischemic Stroke registry).

Demographics, clinical outcomes, and procedural characteristics were analyzed among patients in whom FPE (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2c/3 after first pass) was achieved versus those requiring multiple passes (MP). Modified FPE and modified MP included patients achieving modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2B-3. Primary outcomes included 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score and mortality.

Among 984 Systematic Evaluation of Patients Treated with Stroke Devices for Acute Ischemic Stroke patients, 930 had complete 90-day follow-up. FPE was achieved in 40.