Kristoffersencraig8622

Although the experience of disgust is commonly endorsed among women with eating disorders, it remains unclear how to best model this emotion in relation to disordered eating. The present study sought to identify potential disgust conditioning abnormalities that may underlie the development of eating disorder symptoms. Individuals high and low in eating disorder symptoms (HED, n = 19; LED, n = 18) completed a Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which one neutral food item (conditioned stimulus; CS+) was followed by disgusting videos of individuals vomiting (unconditioned stimulus; US) and another neutral food item (CS-) was not reinforced with the disgusting video. Following this acquisition procedure, there was an extinction procedure in which both CSs were presented unreinforced. The results showed that ratings of disgust, fear, and willingness to eat the CS+ and CS- did not significantly vary as a function of the conditioning phase for the LED group. However, the HED group rated the CS+ as significantly more disgusting and fear inducing than the CS- after the acquisition phase and this pattern persisted after extinction. These conditioning effects were also observed to be significantly larger for disgust compared to fear. The HED group also reported being significantly less willing to eat the CS+ compared to the CS- after the acquisition phase and this pattern also persisted after extinction. In the full sample, only discriminant disgust responding after acquisition was associated with the amount of calorie consumption over the 24-hour period after conditioning. These findings suggest that eating disorder symptoms may result from a heightened proneness to associate disgusting outcomes with otherwise neutral food items. This pattern of disgust learning may reinforce food avoidance in eating disorders and appears to be difficult to fully unlearn. There is a major public health need for innovative and efficacious behavioral and cognitive interventions for smoking cessation. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of an acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) smartphone application in augmenting ACT group treatment for smoking cessation. One hundred fifty adults smoking 10 or more cigarettes per day were randomly assigned to 6 weekly group sessions of behavioral support, ACT, or ACT combined with the smartphone application. Access to the app was provided from the start of the in-person treatment until the 6-month follow-up assessment. Participants were encouraged to make their quit attempts after the third session, and the posttreatment assessment occurred 3 weeks later. Measures of smoking status and ACT processes were obtained at baseline, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. Biochemically verified quit rates in the combined, ACT, and behavioral support groups were 36% (p = .079 relative to ACT; p = .193 relative to behavioral support), 20% (p = .630 relative to behavioral support) and 24% at posttreatment, as compared with 24% (p = .630 relative to behavioral support), 24% (p = .630 relative to behavioral support) and 20% at follow-up. There was no significant difference (p = > .999) in the primary outcome of biochemically verified 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 6-month follow-up between the combined and ACT groups. The combined group reported significantly greater smoking reduction, acceptance and present-moment awareness than the behavioral support group at posttreatment, but not at follow-up. There were no significant differences between the groups in positive mental health. Contrary to hypotheses, the ACT group did not display significant improvements in positive mental health or ACT processes relative to the behavioral support group at posttreatment or follow-up. Implications and directions for future research are discussed. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has a severe presentation and chronic course when untreated. Although effective BDD treatments exist, most individuals do not have access to them. We therefore developed and pilot tested the first smartphone-delivered individual cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment for adults with BDD. The digital service was developed via user-centered design, integrating input from engineering, design, and psychology experts, plus BDD patient consultants. We conducted a 12-week open pilot trial (N = 10) to describe preliminary results for feasibility, acceptability, and treatment outcome. Attrition rates (0%) and feedback on usability and satisfaction indicated that smartphone-based CBT for BDD may be feasible, acceptable, and satisfactory. Initial results suggest that smartphone-based CBT for BDD may hold promise for improving BDD symptom severity, BDD-related insight, functional impairment, and quality of life, as scores from baseline to posttreatment improved with large-to-very large effects; depression improved with a medium effect. Ninety percent of participants were responders at posttreatment and 3-month follow-up. Smartphone-based CBT for BDD may have strong potential as a standardized, low cost, and accessible treatment for this debilitating illness. A test of efficacy is merited as a next step, using a well-powered, randomized control trial design. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03221738. Anxiety and insomnia disorders are two of the most common and costly mental health conditions. They are frequently comorbid, but current treatments do not target both. To streamline treatment, we developed a computerized intervention targeting a transdiagnostic factor, safety aids (cognitive or behavioral strategies used to cope with distress that paradoxically exacerbate symptoms). We conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine the acceptability and efficacy of this brief one-session intervention. Young adult undergraduates (N = 61) with elevated subclinical anxiety and insomnia were randomized to receive the anxiety-insomnia intervention or a physical health control condition. Participants were followed for 1 month and completed self-report measures. Leurocristine molecular weight Analyses indicated that participants found the intervention acceptable, credible, and engaging. Analyses revealed the active intervention reduced sleep- and anxiety-related safety aids, with medium to large effect sizes. Findings suggest that targeting safety aids for anxiety and insomnia is acceptable and effective in reducing the target mechanism, safety aids, as well as worry.