Andreasenmarquez4954

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are powerful enzymes that degrade recalcitrant polysaccharides, such as cellulose. However, the identification of LPMO-generated C1- and/or C4-oxidised oligosaccharides is far from straightforward. In particular, their fragmentation patterns have not been well established when using mass spectrometry. Hence, we studied the fragmentation behaviours of non-, C1- and C4-oxidised cello-oligosaccharides, including their sodium borodeuteride-reduced forms, by using hydrophilic interaction chromatography and negative ion mode collision induced dissociation - mass spectrometry. Non-oxidised cello-oligosaccharides showed predominantly C- and A-type cleavages. In comparison, C4-oxidised ones underwent B-/Y- and X-cleavage close to the oxidised non-reducing end, while closer to the reducing end C-/Z- and A-fragmentation predominated. C1-oxidised cello-oligosaccharides showed extensively A-cleavage. Reduced oligosaccharides showed predominant glycosidic bond cleavage, both B-/Y- and C-/Z-, close to the non-reducing end. Our findings provide signature mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns to unambiguously elucidate the catalytic behaviour and classification of LPMOs. In presented study, various chitosan derivatives containing covalently bounded gallic acid were obtained chitosan with gallic acid (CG), quaternized chitosan with gallic acid (QCG), and succinylated chitosan with gallic acid (SCG). Chitosan derivatives were used as stabilizing and reducing agents in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The dimensional characteristics of nanomaterials were determined by transmission electron (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force (AFM) microscopy, antibacterial activity (against E. coli, S. epidermidis), cytotoxicity (HaCaT, Colo 357 cell lines) and hemocompatibility. Among all samples, QCG-AgNPs showed low toxicity in the range of studied concentrations (3.125-100 μg/ml) high stability of nanoparticle for 4 months (according to UV.spectroscopy data) the highest antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis (3.91 μg/ml). The high antibacterial activity, stability, and simplicity of the process of producing AgNPs based on the QCG derivative reveals that a new method for producing modified AgNPs deserves future consideration. Rapid advances have been made in developing analytical technologies for characterization of highly heterogeneous active ingredients of complex drugs, such as pentosan polysulfate (PPS), active ingredient of the drug Elmiron®, approved by the Food and Drug Administration and marketed in the United States to treat interstitial cystitis. PPS sulfated polysaccharides comprise of a repeat unit of β(1-4)-D-xylopyranoses randomly substituted by 4-O-methyl-glucopyranosyluronic acid. To define the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of such a complex drug, it is critical to develop an approach that integrates data from orthogonal analytical methodologies. Here, we developed an approach integrating diverse analytical tools including gel permeation chromatography, LC/ESI-MS and NMR to measure CQAs of PPS. The proposed mathematical framework integrates the data from these diverse analytical methods as function of PPS chain length and building blocks. Our approach would facilitate in establishing a scientific foundation for comparative characterization of drug products with complex active ingredients. Nanosilica, multiwalled carbon nanotubes and graphite powder have different effects on guar gum fracturing fluid because of the different morphologies of these nanomaterials. The results showed that the apparent viscosity, temperature tolerance, elastic modulus and tensile strength of nano-hybrid guar gum fracturing fluids were improved by nanomaterials compared to those properties of blank fracturing fluid (without nanomaterials). However, microscopic analysis by SEM and TEM revealed that different nanomaterials played different roles in the network structure of guar gum fracturing fluid. In terms of micro particle size, modified nano-SiO2 (M-NS) played a nuclear point and skeleton role in the fracturing fluid and obviously enhanced the network structure. Hydroxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs-OH) and guar gum macromolecular chains were intertwined. Graphene oxide (GO) intercalation entered the guar gum molecular chain and the interaction was relatively weak because of its sheet structure. In this work, ionic liquids-modified magnetic carboxymethyl cellulose nanoparticles (IL-MCMC) were prepared and used as supports for enzyme immobilization. The specific activity of immobilized lipase PPL-IL-MCMC was 1.43 and 2.81 folds higher than that of free PPL and PPL-MCMC, respectively. Water contact angle analysis indicated that the introduction of ionic liquids increased the hydrophobicity of supports, which in tune induced the lid-opening of lipase, allowing its active sites to become more accessible. In addition, the affinity between lipase and substrate immobilized on the prepared supports was enhanced. The same method was also applied to analyze immobilize penicillin G acylase (PGA) to further investigate the general applicability of the method. The results showed that the immobilized PGA exhibited higher stability than many other reported PGAs. The developed composites may be utilized as excellent supports for enzyme immobilization in industrial application. A series of fatty acid cellulose esters (FACEs) with both various degrees of substitution (from DS = 1.7 to 3) and side chain length were obtained by grafting aliphatic acid chlorides (from C10 to C16) onto cellulose backbone, in a homogeneous LiCl/DMAc medium. Selleckchem Tanespimycin These materials were characterized by Fourier Transformed InfraRed (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Proton (1H NMR) spectroscopies, as well as Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), mechanical analyses and chemical resistance to concentrated acid and alkali solutions. Whatever the alkyl chains length and the DS, all samples displayed a layered structure composed of a planar arrangement of parallel cellulosic backbones with fully extended flexible side chains oriented perpendicular to the planar structure without interdigitation. The alkyl chains were able to crystallize as soon as they are long enough. As the DS decreased, the plasticizing effect of the alkyl chains was less pronounced and their ability to crystallize was improved.