Mcmillanlindahl3723
Development of leaf margins is an important process in leaf morphogenesis. CIN-clade TCP (TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF) transcription factors are known to have redundant roles in specifying leaf margins, but the specific mechanisms through which individual TCP genes function remain elusive. In this study, we report that the CIN-TCP gene TCP5 is involved in repressing the initiation and outgrowth of leaf serrations by activating two key regulators of margin development, the Class II KNOX factor KNAT3 and BEL-like SAW1. Specifically, TCP5 directly promotes the transcription of KNAT3 and indirectly activates the expression of SAW1. We also show that TCP5 regulates KNAT3 and SAW1 in a temporal- and spatial- specific manner that is largely in accordance with the progress of formation of serrations. This regulation might serve as a key mechanism in patterning margin morphogenesis and in sculpting the final form of the leaf.
To investigate the clinicopathologic and radiologic features of pulmonary hamartomas (PHs) with uncommon clinical presentation.
A retrospective clinicopathologic and radiologic review was performed for patients diagnosed (1999-2019) with multiple hamartomas, lesions arising adjacent to a coexisting pulmonary malignancy, and tumors with predominantly extrapulmonary localization.
Of 979 patients diagnosed with PHs, 6 (0.6%) had multiple hamartomas, 4 (0.4%) had hamartomas adjacent to lung adenocarcinoma, and 2 (0.2%) had large mediastinal masses. Patients with multiple lesions had a median age of 65 years and mean tumor size of 0.9 cm; 1 patient had 3 hamartomas, and 5 patients had 2. Lesions next to adenocarcinomas had a mean size of 1.4 cm, and affected patients had a median age of 69 years. Predominantly mediastinal PHs, diagnosed in a 63-year-old woman and a 68-year-old man, measured 4.1 to 6 cm and were connected to the lung. All lesions were solid on imaging with absence of definitive fat or calcification, concerning for granuloma or malignancy. All cases had typical histology of PH, although one of the mediastinal tumors had an unusual amount of epithelial hyperplasia.
PHs can be clinically and radiologically challenging to diagnose. Histopathologic examination of biopsies and resection specimens is diagnostically crucial in this setting.
PHs can be clinically and radiologically challenging to diagnose. Histopathologic examination of biopsies and resection specimens is diagnostically crucial in this setting.Antibiotic resistance has become one of the greatest challenges for modern medicine, and new approaches for the treatment of bacterial infections are urgently needed to avoid widespread vulnerability again to infections that have so far been easily treatable with existing drugs. Among the many approaches investigated to overcome this challenge is the use of engineered nanostructures for the precise and targeted delivery of existing antimicrobial agents in a fashion that will potentiate their effect. This idea leans on lessons learned from pioneering research in cancer, where the targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs to mammalian cells has been a topic for some time. In particular, new research has demonstrated that nanomaterials can be functionalised with active antimicrobials and, in some cases, with targeting molecules that potentiate the efficiency of the antimicrobials. In this mini-review, we summarise results that demonstrate the potential for nanoparticles, dendrimers and DNA nanostructures for use in antimicrobial delivery. We consider material aspects of the delivery vehicles and ways in which they can be functionalised with antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides, and we review evidence for their efficacy to kill bacteria both in vitro and in vivo. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of these materials and highlight the benefits of DNA nanostructures specifically for their versatile potential in the present context.
Previous studies described "clear cell" hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although definitions have varied. New clear cell subtypes of HCC have been proposed, including chromophobe (C-HCC), steatohepatitic (SH-HCC), and steatotic (S-HCC), and this study assessed the utility and clinical-pathologic profile of these subtypes.
Current histologic definitions, including 3 separate proposed definitions for SH-HCC, were applied to tumors previously characterized as clear cell HCC. Histologic and clinical variables were analyzed.
Of 66 HCCs, 51 (77%) were classified using modern definitions, including 34 SH-HCCs, 15 S-HCCs, and 2 C-HCCs. Compared with the most permissive SH-HCC definition, the other 2 definitions designated 30 and 25 SH-HCCs (-12% and -26% cases, respectively). Unsurprisingly, S-HCC and SH-HCC were associated with steatotic clear cells (P < .0001). S-HCC was also more typically early type and low grade (P = .0017). The remaining unclassified clear cell HCCs were associated with flocculent (rather than steatotic or optically clear) cytoplasm (P < .0001) but otherwise demonstrated no discrete clinical-pathologic profile.
Current definitions could be used to reclassify the majority of "clear cell" HCCs. The subtypes are significantly correlated with a few variables, suggesting valid differences of the subtypes, although additional study is warranted, particularly to standardize the definition of SH-HCC.
Current definitions could be used to reclassify the majority of "clear cell" HCCs. The subtypes are significantly correlated with a few variables, suggesting valid differences of the subtypes, although additional study is warranted, particularly to standardize the definition of SH-HCC.
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and social distancing measures are an extreme stressor that might result in negative emotional experiences and feelings of loneliness. However, it is possible that social relationships might have a protective effect. In the present study, we examine how the COVID-19 pandemic affected older adults' well-being and loneliness, and the role of structural and functional characteristics of social relationships.
We use data from 99 older adults in Switzerland who participated (a) in a 3-week microlongitudinal study on social relationships and well-being in 2019 and (b) in a weekly online survey during 4 weeks of the COVID-19 lockdown.
Our findings show that the global pandemic had substantial adverse effects on older adults' emotional well-being and loneliness. In addition, aspects of social relationships were related to loneliness both before and during the pandemic. Epicatechin Only one functional feature of social relationships (satisfaction with communication during the pandemic) buffered adverse effects of the major stressful event.
