Murphymason0275

In this study we show that basis component equivalence images have high potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of the detection of minor bone lesions during clinical trauma imaging. A reader study performed by three experienced radiologists compares the image quality of basis material images to a standard radiograph image of a non-fractured cadaveric hand.Under certain circumstances, cortical neurons are capable of elevating their firing for long durations in the absence of a stimulus. Such activity has typically been observed and interpreted in the context of performance of a behavioural task. Here we investigated whether post-stimulatory activity is observed in auditory cortex and the medial geniculate body of the thalamus in the absence of any explicit behavioural task. We recorded spiking activity from single units in the auditory cortex (fields A1, R and RT) and auditory thalamus of awake, passively-listening marmosets. We observed post-stimulatory activity that lasted for hundreds of milliseconds following the termination of the acoustic stimulus. Post-stimulatory activity was observed following both adapting, sustained and suppressed response profiles during the stimulus. These response types were observed across all cortical fields tested, but were largely absent from the auditory thalamus. As well as being of shorter duration, thalamic post-stimulatory activity emerged following a longer latency than in cortex, indicating that post-stimulatory activity may be generated within auditory cortex during passive listening. Given that these responses were observed in the absence of an explicit behavioural task, post-stimulatory activity in sensory cortex may play a functional role in processes such as echoic memory and temporal integration that occur during passive listening.Under hypoxic conditions, nitroimidazoles can replace oxygen as electron acceptors, thereby enhancing the effects of radiation on malignant cells. These compounds also accumulate in hypoxic cells, where they can act as cytotoxins or imaging agents. However, whether these effects apply to cancer stem cells has not been sufficiently explored. Here we show that the 2-nitroimidazole doranidazole potentiates radiation-induced DNA damage in hypoxic glioma stem cells (GSCs) and confers a significant survival benefit in mice harboring GSC-derived tumors in radiotherapy settings. Furthermore, doranidazole and misonidazole, but not metronidazole, manifested radiation-independent cytotoxicity for hypoxic GSCs that was mediated by ferroptosis induced partially through blockade of mitochondrial complexes I and II and resultant metabolic alterations in oxidative stress responses. Doranidazole also limited the growth of GSC-derived subcutaneous tumors and that of tumors in orthotopic brain slices. Our results thus reveal the theranostic potential of 2-nitroimidazoles as ferroptosis inducers that enable targeting GSCs in their hypoxic niche.The warming climate will expose alpine species adapted to a highly seasonal, harsh environment to novel environmental conditions. A species can shift their distribution, acclimate, or adapt in response to a new climate. Alpine species have little suitable habitat to shift their distribution, and the limits of acclimation will likely be tested by climate change in the long-term. Adaptive genetic variation may provide the raw material for species to adapt to this changing environment. Here, we use a genomic approach to describe adaptive divergence in an alpine-obligate species, the white-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucura), a species distributed from Alaska to New Mexico, across an environmentally variable geographic range. Previous work has identified genetic structure and morphological, behavioral, and physiological differences across the species' range; however, those studies were unable to determine the degree to which adaptive divergence is correlated with local variation in environmental conditions. GW788388 solubility dmso We used a genome-wide dataset generated from 95 white-tailed ptarmigan distributed throughout the species' range and genotype-environment association analyses to identify the genetic signature and environmental drivers of local adaptation. We detected associations between multiple environmental gradients and candidate adaptive loci, suggesting ptarmigan populations may be locally adapted to the plant community composition, elevation, local climate, and to the seasonality of the environment. Overall, our results suggest there may be groups within the species' range with genetic variation that could be essential for adapting to a changing climate and helpful in guiding conservation action.Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation have the potential to affect organism acclimatization and adaptation to environmental changes by influencing their phenotypic plasticity; however, little is known about the role of methylation in the adaptive phenotypic divergence of marine invertebrates. Therefore, in this study, a typical intertidal species, the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), was selected to investigate the epigenetic mechanism of phenotypic plasticity in marine invertebrates. Intertidal and subtidal oysters subjected to one-generation common garden experiments and exhibited phenotypic divergence were used. The methylation landscape of both groups of oysters was investigated under temperate and high temperature. The two tidal oysters exhibited divergent methylation patterns, regardless of the temperature, which was mainly original environment-induced. Intertidal samples exhibited significant hypomethylation and more plasticity of methylation in response to heat shock, while subtidal samples showed hypermethylation and less plasticity. Combined with RNA-seq data, a positive relationship between methylation and expression in gene bodies was detected on a genome-wide scale. In addition, approximately 11% and 7% of differentially expressed genes showed significant methylation variation under high temperatures in intertidal and subtidal samples, respectively. Genes related to apoptosis and organism development may be regulated by methylation in response to high temperature in intertidal oysters, whereas oxidation-reduction and ion homeostasis-related genes were involved in subtidal oysters. The results also suggest that DNA methylation mediates phenotypic divergence in oysters adapting to different environments. This study provides new insight into the epigenetic mechanisms underlying phenotypic plasticity in adaptation to rapid climate change in marine organisms.