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To investigate the clinical use of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) in Japan, epidemiological and clinical data for central nervous infections are needed. Here, we report on the epidemiology and economic burden of central nervous system infections and a simulation of the cost-benefit analysis of the Filmarray® Meningitis/Encephalitis (FAME) test for possible clinical use in Japan. We performed FAME tests on samples from 27 patients with pleocytosis aged between 0 and 20 years seen in six community hospitals in Nara and Osaka prefectures. All clinical management procedures were performed without knowledge of the mPCR test results. We analyzed the clinical data and calculated the required reduction in average length of stay for the FAME test to be cost-beneficial. GSK2578215A order Among the 27 cases, the FAME test revealed causal pathogens in 13 cases (48.1%). The average medical and social costs per case were ¥299,118 ($2,719.2) and ¥171,768 ($1,561.5), respectively. The minimal needed reduction in average length of stay for the FAME test to be cost-beneficial was 0.32- 0.86 days per meningitis case. The result can be informative for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of the clinical use of the FAME test in Japan.The Vibrio species undergo cryptic changes in their genetic material for better adaptability, which accounts for antibiotic resistance. In the present study, we investigated the emergence and spread of sensitivity to polymyxin B (PB) by El Tor V. cholerae O1 strains from 1995 to 2019 in Odisha, India. The results showed that out of 1200 V. cholerae O1 strains, 89.4% were resistant and the remaining 10.6% strains were sensitive to PB. The sensitivity to PB of V. cholerae O1 strains emerged from 2005 to 2019, except in 2015, clearly signifying the presence of classical biotype characteristics in the El Tor variant of V. cholerae O1 strains. The Etest assay revealed some interesting traits of PB susceptibility in the ctxB1 and ctxB7 genotypes of V. cholerae O1 strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ctxB7 genotypes showed reduced MIC values of ≤ 4 µg/mL, whereas ctxB1 genotypes exhibited higher MIC values of 24 and 32 µg/mL.The 2019 novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2) has currently caused a global outbreak of infection. In general, children with the coronavirus disease-2019 have been reported to show milder respiratory symptoms as a respiratory infection than adult patients. Here, we describe SARS-CoV-2 infection in an infant who presented with a severe episode of apparent life-threatening event (ALTE). An 8-month-old otherwise healthy infant who was transported to our hospital because of a sudden cardiopulmonary arrest. Approximately one hour before this episode, she was almost fine but in a slightly worse humor than usual. On arrival at our hospital, sever acidosis but no clear sign of inflammatory response was denoted. A chest computed tomography scan showed weak consolidations in the upper right lung as well as atelectasis in the lower left lung. No sign of congenital heart disease or cardiomyopathy was observed in echocardiography, and no significant arrhythmia was observed in the later clinical course. Of note, the specific SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in both of her tracheal aspirate and urine sample by real-time RT-PCR. Although further accumulation of the cases is indispensable, our case suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection may be one of the underlying factors in the pathophysiology of ALTE.We previously reported the emergence and high prevalence of group B streptococci (GBS) with reduced penicillin susceptibility (PRGBS) clinical isolates in Japan. PRGBS tend to be also non-susceptible to both macrolides and fluoroquinolones. In our previous study, we found that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of daptomycin for one clinical isolate of GBS was above the "susceptible" breakpoint approved by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) susceptibility breakpoint. This suggests the possibility of unrecognized spread of daptomycin-non-susceptible clinical GBS isolates in Japan. This study aimed to analyze the daptomycin susceptibility among the 1,046 clinical GBS isolates that were recovered since the approval of daptomycin in Japan. MICs of daptomycin for the 1,046 clinical isolates were determined by the microdilution method recommended by the CLSI. The MIC range was 0.12-1 µg/ml, and the MIC50 and MIC90 were 0.5 µg/ml and 1 µg/ml, respectively. None of the GBS isolates evaluated in this study was non-susceptible to daptomycin. Therefore, at present, daptomycin might be considered as a new option to treat GBS infections, especially, multidrug-resistant PRGBS infections.Herein we report the interim vaccine effectiveness (VE) of quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine for the 2019/2020 influenza season in Japan. We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study of 381 enrolled influenza-like illness patients aged ≥ 15 years who were examined via the rapid-influenza diagnostic test at the Ambulatory Care unit of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine in Tokyo, Japan from the beginning of October 2019 to the end of January 2020. VE was estimated using a test-negative design. VE was calculated as (1 - odds ratio) × 100%, comparing influenza A test positivity between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients. Of the 381 patients initially screened for inclusion, 314 were enrolled in the study. Of these, 105 were vaccinated, 98 were diagnosed with influenza A, and 5 were diagnosed with influenza B. Overall VE against influenza A was 27.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] -21.1 to +57.4), and in patients aged ≥ 65 years it was 47.3% (95% CI -76.0 to +86.0). Influenza vaccination can be regarded as being of continued benefit during the ongoing 2019/2020 influenza season, but further accumulation of cases and methodological consideration are necessary to estimate VE more precisely.Acanthamoeba species are free-living amoebae causing granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and keratitis. This study aimed to identify Acanthamoeba isolated from air conditioning systems by culture method and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and testing its pathogenicity by thermo-tolerance and animal inoculation. Out of the 80 dust samples, 41 (51.25%) were found to be positive as Acanthamoeba spp. by culture method. These samples were confirmed positive by PCR. Regarding pathogenicity, out of 41 samples, 27 (65.9%) were thermo-tolerant and 16 (39%) samples could infect mice and caused histopathological effects. Highly pathogenic Acanthamoeba isolates were characterized by a thermo-tolerance ability and disseminated in all mice organs after infection causing early mice death. This work confirmed that the presence of pathogenic isolates of Acanthamoeba potentially infectious to humans in air-conditioners.