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Participants cited both 'clinical care knowledge' and/or 'uncertainty' about patient care for oral health complaints. Participants independently suggested interventions in three broad areas (1) education, (2) expanded provider roles, and (3) colocation of services. Conclusions Our findings suggest that a variety of interventions, ranging from high to low resource investment, may impact access to and utilization of oral health services and thereby result in improved patient care. Future studies should develop and evaluate the suggested interventions in a range of care settings.S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is one of the most important enzyme substrates. It is vital for the function of various proteins, including large group of methyltransferases (MTs). Intriguingly, some bacterial and eukaryotic MTs, while catalysing the same reaction, possess significantly different topologies, with the former being a knotted one. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of SAM conformational space and factors that affect its vastness. We investigated SAM in two forms free in water (via NMR studies and explicit solvent simulations) and bound to proteins (based on all data available in the PDB and on all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in water). We identified structural descriptors-angles which show the major differences in SAM conformation between unknotted and knotted methyltransferases. Moreover, we report that this is caused mainly by a characteristic for knotted MTs compact binding site formed by the knot and the presence of adenine-binding loop. Additionally, we elucidate conformational restrictions imposed on SAM molecules by other protein groups in comparison to conformational space in water.Purpose A traditional male role orientation is considered to increase the risk of depression and preventing men from disclosing symptoms of mental illness and seeking professional help. Less is known about the variance of masculinity orientations in men already treated for depression and their role in the treatment process. In this study, patterns of masculinity norms and work role orientations will be identified among men treated for depression. Associations of these patterns with depressive symptoms, stigma and delay in professional help-seeking will be investigated. Methods In a cross-sectional study, male role orientations (MRNS), work-related attitudes (AVEM), symptoms of mental disorders (PHQ), and attitudes related to stigma of mental illness (DSS) were assessed by standardized methods in a sample of 250 men treated for depression in general medical, psychiatric and psychotherapeutic services. Data were analyzed by means of latent profile analysis (LPA), by multinomial and linear regression models, andbeing if it does not coincide with a complete distancing from professional ambitions and a lack of ability to cope with professional stress.The murine innate immune response against Toxoplasma gondii is predominated by the interaction of TLR11/12 with Toxoplasma profilin. However, mice lacking Tlr11 or humans, who do not have functional TLR11 or TLR12, still elicit a strong innate immune response upon Toxoplasma infection. The parasite factors that determine this immune response are largely unknown. Herein, we investigated two dense granule proteins (GRAs) secreted by Toxoplasma, GRA15 and GRA24, for their role in stimulating the innate immune response in Tlr11-/- mice and in human cells, which naturally lack TLR11/TLR12. Our results show that GRA15 and GRA24 synergistically shape the early immune response and parasite virulence in Tlr11-/- mice, with GRA15 as the predominant effector. Nevertheless, acute virulence in Tlr11-/- mice is still dominated by allelic combinations of ROP18 and ROP5, which are effectors that determine evasion of the immunity-related GTPases. In human macrophages, GRA15 and GRA24 play a major role in the induction of IL12, IL18 and IL1β secretion. We further show that GRA15/GRA24-mediated IL12, IL18 and IL1β secretion activates IFNγ secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which controls Toxoplasma proliferation. Taken together, our study demonstrates the important role of GRA15 and GRA24 in activating the innate immune response in hosts lacking TLR11.The effect of environmental fluctuations is a major question in ecology. While it is widely accepted that fluctuations and other types of disturbances can increase biodiversity, there are fewer examples of other types of outcomes in a fluctuating environment. Here we explore this question with laboratory microcosms, using cocultures of two bacterial species, P. putida and P. veronii. At low dilution rates we observe competitive exclusion of P. veronii, whereas at high dilution rates we observe competitive exclusion of P. putida. When the dilution rate alternates between high and low, we do not observe coexistence between the species, but rather alternative stable states, in which only one species survives and initial species' fractions determine the identity of the surviving species. The Lotka-Volterra model with a fluctuating mortality rate predicts that this outcome is independent of the timing of the fluctuations, and that the time-averaged mortality would also lead to alternative stable states, a prediction that we confirm experimentally. Other pairs of species can coexist in a fluctuating environment, and again consistent with the model we observe coexistence in the time-averaged dilution rate. We find a similar time-averaging result holds in a three-species community, highlighting that simple linear models can in some cases provide powerful insight into how communities will respond to environmental fluctuations.Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are at the forefront of host-microbe interactions. Molecular and cell-based studies suggest that HSPG-pathogen interactions promote pathogenesis by facilitating microbial attachment and invasion of host cells. However, the specific identity of HSPGs, precise mechanisms by which HSPGs promote pathogenesis, and the in vivo relevance of HSPG-pathogen interactions remain to be determined. HSPGs also modulate host responses to tissue injury and inflammation, but functions of HSPGs other than facilitating microbial attachment and internalization are understudied in infectious disease. Entospletinib in vivo Here we examined the role of syndecan-1 (Sdc1), a major cell surface HSPG of epithelial cells, in mouse models of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection. We show that Sdc1-/- mice are significantly less susceptible to both intragastric and intravenous Lm infection compared to wild type (Wt) mice. This phenotype is not seen in Sdc3-/- or Sdc4-/- mice, indicating that ablation of Sdc1 causes a specific gain of function that enables mice to resist listeriosis.