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e measured regardless of N levels. Sugars were also significantly depleted in HC under low N. We propose a model explaining the observed genotype-dependent and input-dependent effects, in which organic acids derived from the TCA cycle accumulate during vegetative growth and contribute to the increased demand for pyruvate and/or acetyl-CoA in the endosperm and embryo. This response may in part reflect the transgenerational priming of vegetative tissues in the embryo induced by the increased demand for metabolic precursors during seed development in the previous generation.

As conventional quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters are weakly associated with cognitive impairment (CI) in early multiple sclerosis (MS), we explored microstructural white matter alterations in early MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) comparing patients with or without CI.

Based on a preceding tract-based spatial statistics analysis (3 Tesla MRI) which contrasted 106 patients with early MS or CIS and 49 healthy controls, diffusion metrics (fractional anisotropy, FA, mean diffusivity, MD) were extracted from significant clusters using an atlas-based approach. The FA and MD were compared between patients with (Ci_P n = 14) and without (Cp_P n = 81) cognitive impairment in a subset of patients who underwent CI screening.

The FA was reduced in Ci_P compared to Cp_P in the splenium of corpus callosum (p = 0.001), right parahippocampal cingulum (p = 0.002) and fornix cres./stria terminalis (0.042), left posterior corona radiata (p = 0.012), bilateral cerebral peduncles, medial lemniscus and in cerebellar tracts. Increased MD was detected in the splenium of corpus callosum (p = 0.01). The CI-related localizations overlapped only partially with MS lesions.

Microstructural white matter alterations at disease onset were detectable in Ci_P compared to Cp_P in known cognitively relevant fiber tracts, indicating the relevance of early treatment initiation in MS and CIS.

Microstructural white matter alterations at disease onset were detectable in Ci_P compared to Cp_P in known cognitively relevant fiber tracts, indicating the relevance of early treatment initiation in MS and CIS.

To compare and combine the diagnostic performance of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) derived from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and proton density fat fraction (PDFF) derived from chemical-shift encoding (CSE)-based water-fat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for distinguishing benign and malignant vertebral bone marrow lesions (VBML).

A total of 55 consecutive patients with 53benign (traumatic, inflammatory and primary) and 36malignant (metastatic and hematologic) previously untreated VBMLs were prospectively enrolled in this IRB-approved study and underwent sagittal DWI (single-shot spin-echo echo-planar with multi-slice short TI inversion recovery fat suppression) and CSE-based MRI (gradient-echo 6‑point modified Dixon) in addition to routine clinical spine MRI at 1.5 T or 3.0 T. Diagnostic reference standard was established according to histopathology or imaging follow-up. The ADC = ADC (0, 800) and PDFF = fat/ (water + fat) were calculated voxel-wise and examined for differences between bestic performance and yielded high diagnostic accuracy for the differentiation of benign and malignant VBMLs.Individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) show altered postural reactions leading to increased risk of falls. To investigate neural correlates underlying this deficit, we assessed the modulation pattern of the Soleus H-reflex in iSCI individuals following unexpected perturbations of a base of support. selleck kinase inhibitor Ten men with iSCI (AIS D) and 8 age-matched controls (CTRL) stood on a force-platform randomly tilted forward or backward. The center of pressure (CoP) excursion, 95% confidence ellipse area and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the Soleus (SOL) and Tibialis Anterior (TA) muscles were analyzed. SOL H-reflex amplitude was assessed by stimulating the tibial nerve prior to and at 100, 150 and 200 ms following perturbation onset. Although SOL and TA short-latency EMG responses were comparable in both groups, long-latency EMG responses occurred later in the iSCI group for both directions during backward tilt, a decrease in H-reflex amplitude was observed at all stimulus timings post-tilt in CTRL, but only at 200 ms in iSCI. The decrease in H-reflex amplitude was smaller in iSCI participants. During forward tilt, an increase in H-reflex amplitude was observed at 150 and 200 ms in the CTRL group, but no increase was observed in the iSCI group. Decreased and delayed SOL H-reflex amplitude modulation in the iSCI group accompanied impaired balance control as assessed clinically with the Berg Balance Scale and biomechanically through CoP displacement. Overall, delayed and reduced spinal reflex processing may contribute to impaired balance control in people with iSCI.

Health literacy underpins informed consent and shared decision-making. In gynaecology, this includes understanding of normal anatomy and urogenital disease. This study evaluated public knowledge of external female genital anatomy and pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

A questionnaire study asked participants for their demographics and to label a female external genitalia diagram and included free-text questions on POP, its symptoms and treatment. Questionnaires were distributed at general outpatient (OPD) and urogynaecology (UG) departments at a UK teaching hospital. Differences in the number of correct anatomy labels between participant genders were assessed via chi-squared tests and, within female participants, multivariable linear and logistic regressions assessed associations with increasing correct anatomical labels and an understanding (versus no understanding) of POP, respectively.

Within 191 (n = 160 OPD, n = 31 UG), 9/103 (9%) labelled all anatomical structures correctly. Females had more correct labels (median 1, IQR 0,3) versus males (median 0, IQR 0,1), P = 0.022). Higher education (vs. < secondary) and white ethnicity were associated with greater numbers of correct labels [coefficient (95% CI) 1.05 (0.14, 1.96), P = 0.024, 1.45 (0.58, 2.33), P = 0.001 respectively]. Fifty-three per cent understood POP. POP understanding increased with increasing age, white ethnicity (OR 4.38, 95% CI 1.36, 14.08, P = 0.013) and more correct anatomy labels (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.14, 1.79, P = 0.002). Of those who understood POP, only 35% identified "bulge" as a symptom and 7% physiotherapy as a treatment option.

There was poor public understanding of external female genital anatomy and POP, which may have significant implications for health-seeking, shared decision-making and informed consent.

There was poor public understanding of external female genital anatomy and POP, which may have significant implications for health-seeking, shared decision-making and informed consent.