Clarkesilverman3192
Chronic hepatitis B is mainly responsible for the morbidity and mortality from hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and decompensated cirrhosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma remains the main challenge in the management of not only undiagnosed and/or untreated but also diagnosed and treated patients with chronic HBV infection, as its incidence decreases but is not eliminated even after many years of effective anti-HBV therapy. The exact mechanisms used by HBV to cause malignant transformation remain uncertain, although much of the available data are in favour of a pathogenetic role of HBx protein. Senescence is a cellular state, in which cells lose their ability to proliferate. This biological mechanism may function in a dual mode, namely being both cancer-protective as a result of reduced cellular proliferation, but also cancer-enhancing as a result of modulation of the tissular microenvironment by immune cells during persistent accumulation of senescent cells. selleck inhibitor Protein X of HBV protein exhibits many similarities in terms of the implemented mechanisms of action and pathways related to the biological process of cellular senescence. Concurrently, insufficient clearance of both senescent and precancerous hepatocytes combined with inadequate immune surveillance as a result of immunosenescence caused by chronic HBV infection may lead to hepatocarcinogenesis. Thus, the effect of HBV seems to be critical as a connecting link between cellular senescence and development of HCC. An ongoing research is underway towards identifying and validating markers of hepatocyte senescence, which could improve the landscape for evaluation of chronic liver disease, thereby providing valuable information in terms of HBV-related carcinogenesis.
Early age at drinking initiation may be one factor responsible for underage drinking in Thailand and this may be affected by cultural and generational changes over certain periods of time. This study aimed to explore the effects of time period and generation on drinking onset of young Thai drinkers in the past decade.
We analyzed data from a total of 60,018 Thais aged 15 to 24years from 4 national surveys conducted in 2007, 2011, 2014, and 2017. We used multilevel and event history analysis to examine the effects of period (survey year) and cohort (birth year of participants), adjusted for sex, age, area of residence, and region on drinking onset.
The overall prevalence of past-year drinking was 23.6 % (95% confidence interval [CI] 23.2, 23.9) among participants of all surveys. Cox proportional hazards model revealed significantly different probabilities to have initiated drinking between participants of different surveys and birth years, indicating significant period and cohort effects. After adjusting for sex, age, cohort, living region, and area of residence, participants in the 2014 survey had the highest likelihood to have started drinking (hazard ratio [HR] 1.25 CI 1.15 to 1.36), compared to the participants of the same age in the 2007 survey while those in the 2011 (HR 0.89, CI 0.85, 0.93) and 2017 (HR 0.63, CI 0.58, 0.68) surveys had less likelihood. Participants born in 1993 to 2002 (later cohort) had higher probability to have started drinking than those born in 1983 to 1992 (HR 1.80, CI 1.69, 1.92).
Thai youths of the recent generations living in recent years tend to have a higher probability of initiating drinking than those in the past. Interventions to prevent underage drinking should begin earlier for the young generation.
Thai youths of the recent generations living in recent years tend to have a higher probability of initiating drinking than those in the past. Interventions to prevent underage drinking should begin earlier for the young generation.
To provide an overview of restraint use in residents with dementia in the context of residential aged care facilities.
Restraints are commonly used in people with dementia living in residential aged care facilities to manage behaviours and reduce injuries, but the concept of restraint use in people with dementia remains ambiguous, and current practices to reduce restraint use in long-term care residents with dementia remain unclear.
A scoping review using the methodological frameworks of Arskey and O'Malley and colleagues.
Nine databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, OVID, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and ProQuest) were searched from 2005 to 20 May 2019. Articles were included if they were written in English, peer-reviewed and used any research method that described restraint use in residents with dementia living in residential care settings. The PRISMA-ScR checklist was used.
From 1,585 articles, 23 met the inclusion criteria. There is a lack of a cleartions for restraint use is needed to improve the care for people with dementia living in care settings.
Achieving high-quality care and retention of nurses are major concerns for nurse leaders in hospitals. The organisational context is theorised to influence the quality of care and patient and nurse outcomes. This review focuses on China where the healthcare system is different from most Western countries in terms of government healthcare expenditure, public health insurance and healthcare delivery system.
To explore the organisational context of nursing practice in hospitals in China and its relationship with quality of care, patient outcomes (patient adverse events, safety and satisfaction) and nurse outcomes (burnout, job satisfaction and intention to leave).
A mixed-methods review.
The electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and China Academic Journals Database were used.
This review was conducted using the SALSA (Search, Appraisal, Synthesis and Analysis) framework. Quality assessment was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklists for cross-sectrganisational context, it is imperative that nurse leaders make every effort to legislate for safe nurse staffing and to establish a caring culture to improve quality of care and nurse and patient outcomes.
Recognising the importance of the organisational context, it is imperative that nurse leaders make every effort to legislate for safe nurse staffing and to establish a caring culture to improve quality of care and nurse and patient outcomes.
