Graugardner7951

In the nursing home in Břevnice, 21 out of 23 seniors were infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the spring of 2020. Three of them died from the infection. This study monitors the antibodies formation in group of seniors who have overcome the infection. Between April and November (1-8 months after the infection), the antibodies were measured repeatedly within the period of several weeks. The virus neutralizing tests was used as well as the ECLIA assay by Roche (total immunoglobulins), CMIA assay by Abbott (IgG) and ELISA assay by Euroimmun (IgG and IgA). Six months from the infection, neutralizing antibodies were detected in 18 out of 20 seniors. High levels of neutralizing antibodies correlated with higher levels of immunoglobulins and were a good predictor of an increase of IgG in the autumn during the second wave of the epidemic in the Czech Republic. During the autumn wave, neither any of the clients, nor any staff contracted the virus, although the prevalence of PCR positivity in the Vysočina region reached around 5 %. The antigen tests also came out all negative. This study shows that in the senior population, the production of protective antibodies follows a normal pattern, and the seniors are probably immune to a repeated infection for at least 8 months from the first infection. Based on these results, we would like to open the discussion on the testing for seroprevalence in nursing homes, possible changes to the epidemiologic regime in relation to the risk of infection, and about vaccination schemes in these centers.It has been a year since the first person on Earth became infected with a new type of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, causing infectious acute respiratory disease COVID-19 with relatively high morbidity and mortality. The most endangered population by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 are healthcare professionals, the elderly and people with associated comorbidities. Due to the fast community spread, governments of different European countries introduced precaution measures including limited socializing of people, closing of most public services and introducing mandatory facial protection. The hope for a return to the life before the pandemic is the development of an effective and safe vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 which would presumably reduce the incidence of severe forms of COVID-19 and prevent the massive spread of the disease. At the end of November, we have 13 clinical trials in phase III involving SARS-CoV-2 vaccines based on inactivated viruses, recombinant non-pathogenic viral vectors and proteins. TAK-981 chemical structure The first mRNA-based vaccine is currently being evaluated in phase II/III clinical trial and is already being distributed and applied to high-risk population in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Israel, followed by the countries of the European Union, including the Czech Republic. In the review article we present currently ongoing clinical studies with a special focus on the phase III clinical trials and discuss the mechanisms of action of each type of vaccine.The present work introduces new findings about the influence of different radiation types on the cells, with the concern on the micro- and nanodosimetric aspects of chromatin damage. Emphasized is the relationship between the physical parameters of the incident radiation (g-rays, protons and high-LET heavy ions), character of chromatin damage, ability of cells to repair and survive DNA damage, and risk of genetic changes. While confirming a positive correlation between the LET of ionizing radiation, complexity of induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), and biological effectiveness (RBE) of radiation, at the same time, we show that our understanding of this relationship is only incomplete. Our discovery that various accelerated ions with similar LET can damage DNA in different ways and kill cells with unequal efficiency, could serve as an example. In addition, many aspects of DSB repair remain to be explained, for instance, how the cell activates the particular repair pathway at sites of individual DSBs, and how it depends on the radiation used and the chromatin architecture. The discussed results may be important, above all, for newly developing hadron therapy and in the context of manned interstellar flights planning. From the methodological point of view, we point to a tremendous progress in the field of optical microscopy and its research applications. In more detail, we introduce single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM).The increased risk of acute large-scale radiation exposure of the population underlies the necessity to develop new methods that could provide a rapid assessment of the doses received while using modern high-throughput technologies. At the same time, there is a growing interest in discovering new biomarkers enabling the categorization of irradiated individuals that could be used in epidemiological studies to correlate the estimated absorbed doses with the consequent impact on patients health. The aim of this study was to summarize the current literature on biological dosimetry, specifically ionizing radiation-responsive biomarkers. We briefly describe current knowledge in the field of radiation genomics, metabolomics, and proteomics. Although the majority of studies that provided a plethora of useful information were conducted in animal models, oncological patients remain the crucial experimental model. The authors describe various biological materials that could be potentially used to predict the effect of ionizing radiation. Plasma proteins appear to be ideal for this purpose. Out of many candidate markers, the ferredoxin reductase (FDXR) seems to be promising, as it has been confirmed in several biodosimetric studies at the level of both human gene and protein.Many different substances with varying mechanisms of effects have been tested both in animal experiments, as well as verified in clinical studies as potential radioprotectors and mitigators of radiation damage. Among them, especially cytokines and hematopoietic growth factors have been used also for treatment of radiation accident victims. Two granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-based radiation countermeasures have been approved already for the treatment of the acute radiation syndrome. Nevertheless, a wide spectrum of other substances comprising, e.g., various immunomodulators, prostaglandins, inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, agonists of adenosine receptors, herbal extracts, flavonoids, vitamins, and others, has also been studied. These agents with various mechanisms of their influences on an organism are often effective, relatively non-toxic, and cheap. This review concentrates predominantly on the results of experiments which show the potential of untraditional or new radiation countermeasures to become a part of therapeutic procedures applicable in patients with the acute radiation syndrome.