Mcguirebjerre9558
The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) transports secretory immunoglobulins across mucosal epithelial cells into external secretions, playing critical roles in mucosal surface defenses, but the regulation mechanism of pIgR expression is not clarified in teleost fish. In this study, the dynamic changes of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) pIgR (fpIgR) and pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA expression in mucosal tissues were first analyzed post inactivated Vibrio anguillarum immunization, and increased production of TNF-α was found to correlate with increased expression of fpIgR. To determine that cytokine TNF-α influenced fpIgR expression, following confirming that natural fpIgR expressed on flounder gill (FG) cells, FG cells were incubated with various concentrations of recombinant TNF-α for different time, the results showed that the expressions of fpIgR were significantly upregulated at gene and protein levels in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, and similar changhe expression of NF-κB mRNA was suppressed obviously by Bay11-7082 but not by wortmannin, suggesting that inhibition of PI3K or NF-κB had no influence on each other. All these results collectively revealed that TNF-α could transcriptionally upregulate fpIgR expression and SC production, and this TNF-α-induced pIgR expression was regulated by complex mechanisms that involved PI3K and NF-κB signaling pathways, which provided evidences for pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α acting as a regulator in pIgR expression and better understanding of regulation mechanism of pIgR expression in teleost fish.Antigen presentation is a key feature of classical dendritic cells (cDCs). Numerous studies have also reported in mouse that, upon inflammation, monocytes enter tissues and differentiate into monocyte-derived DCs (mo-DC) that have the ability to present antigens to T cells. However, a population of inflammatory cDCs sharing phenotypic features with mo-DC has been recently described, challenging the existence of in vivo-generated mo-DC. Here we review studies describing mouse mo-DC in the light of these findings, and evaluate the in vivo evidence for monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells. We examine the strategies used to demonstrate the monocytic origin of these cells. Finally, we propose that mo-DC play a complementary role to cDCs, by presenting antigens to effector T cells locally in tissues.
Violence in the home is recognised as a significant problem, with around 29.5 % of children subjected to violence in the home at some point in the United Kingdom (Radford et al., 2013). Children in custodial environments are a particularly vulnerable group in society (McAra & McVie, 2010), with 51 % of the children in Secure Training Centres subjected to violence in the home (Paterson-Young, 2018).
The purpose of this paper is to explore how children subjected to violence in the home cope with violence and experiences with restraint in Secure Training Centres.
The research was conducted with children and staff in a Secure Training Centre that accommodates boys aged between 12 and 18 years-old in England.
Thematic analysis was used to analyse secondary data, originally collected by the author, from semi-structured interviews with children (N = 15) and staff (N = 15) in Secure Training Centres. It led to the identification of four themes 'Struggling to cope with abuse', 'Substance use as a coping mechanism', 'Disjointed service delivery' and 'Mirroring violence in the home through normalised restraint'.
The findings illustrate that children in custodial environments who have experienced violence in the home are subjected to violent behaviour management techniques in custody, mirroring their experiences in the home. This normalised violence inhibits the development of positive coping mechanisms, relationships, and attitudes towards violence.
Enhancing our understanding of 'what works' in supporting children subjected to violence allows for the development of effective and sustainable services founded on collaboration, violence reduction, and trauma-informed practices.
Enhancing our understanding of 'what works' in supporting children subjected to violence allows for the development of effective and sustainable services founded on collaboration, violence reduction, and trauma-informed practices.
Despite being well-positioned to identify maltreatment in the children that they provide care for and being legally required to report suspected child maltreatment, early childhood professionals (ECPs) make a limited proportion of reports to child protective services. It is critical to identify evidence-based interventions to improve the reporting practices of this group of mandated reporters allowing for the better protection of children from maltreatment.
The goal of the present study was to determine if iLookOut, an online child abuse identification and reporting training for ECPs, results in differential gains in knowledge and attitudes towards child abuse and its reporting among ECPs, as compared to an online standard training.
Both interventions were completed online by participants recruited from licensed child care programs in Southern Maine from October 2017 to January 2020. Eligibility criteria included being at least 18 years of age, English-speaking, and working as paid or volunteer staff at a licensed child care program taking care of children 5 years of age or younger. Of the 1152 enrolled individuals, 1094 provided complete pre- and post-intervention data.
A randomized controlled trial comparing iLookOut with an online standard training.
ECPs who completed iLookOut significantly outperformed those who completed Standard mandated reporter training in terms of both knowledge (d=1.09 vs. 0.67) and attitudes (d=0.67 vs. K-Ras(G12C) inhibitor 12 0.54) relative to pre-test scores.
iLookOut is a promising candidate for widespread use in meeting the need for evidence-based training on child abuse and its reporting.
iLookOut is a promising candidate for widespread use in meeting the need for evidence-based training on child abuse and its reporting.
