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Information in the present article has all the methods of assessing the fish freshness been discussed in detail. There has also been focus on bringing the readers knowledge about the comprehensive information related to recent developments. The recommended limit for different indicators signifies the time period for which the particular fish can be stored and it depends upon several factors like species, surrounding environment and enzymatic and non-enzymatic actions. Based on these demands, this paper is uniquely worked upon to review the different literature which brought all the discussions from the past including the recent innovations in assessing the freshness of different fishes with the help of various indicators as well as a complete study of spoilage and toxicity mechanism leading to deterioration in quality, making it easy for the reader and researchers to have quick glance over the trends and innovations.The current study was conducted to develop a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12 quantification in microcapsules matrix with full-fat goat milk and inulin-type fructans. DNA was isolated from milk, feed solutions (before spray drying) and microcapsules (after spray drying) using DNAzol. Two primer pairs targeting Bal-23S or Tuf sequences were evaluated by qPCR. The qPCR efficiency was higher (89.5%) using the Tuf primers than Bal-23S primers (84.8%). Tuf primer pair was able to selectively detect B. animalis ssp. lactis BB-12. After, quantification of bifidobacteria in the microcapsules matrix by Tuf qPCR assay was compared to conventional enumeration by plate counting. The analysis of probiotic feed solutions and microcapsules showed higher (P less then 0.05) bacterial enumeration determined by Tuf qPCR assay compared to those obtained by plate counting. This qPCR assay was considered a rapid and sensitive alternative for the quantification of B. animalis ssp. lactis BB-12 in probiotic microcapsules compared to plate counting.A wide variety of pesticides have been used in agriculture to increase the yield, quality and extend the storage life of crops. However, the use of pesticide has been increased now a day due to the ever-increasing population and rapid urbanization. The continuous uses of these pesticides have resulted in contamination of the environment, crops and also caused potential risk to human health. For this reason, strict regulations are developed and regulated to monitor these compounds. Selleckchem P505-15 To date, several techniques have been developed for the extraction and detection of pesticides, from traditional to advanced detection techniques. The present study delineates a comprehensive up to date overview of the available traditional methods (gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with various detector) to advanced pre-treatment (polystyrene-coated magnetic nanoparticle) and detection (sensor development and nanotechnology) techniques used in the analysis of pesticides residue in various fruits and vegetables. Also, categorization of pesticides and its toxicity have been discussed.Understanding the components composition characteristics of human milk is conductive for the development of infant formulas. The total fatty acids composition and the stereo-distribution of fatty acids in human milk triglycerides (TGs) from three regions (Zhengzhou, Wuhan and Harbin) of China were analyzed. The total and intrapositional fatty acids composition of human milk TGs showed significant differences among three regions. Zhengzhou, Harbin and Wuhan human milk possessed highest levels of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA, 6.36 ± 1.46%), short-chain fatty acids (SCFA, 0.10 ± 0.03%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA, 34.61 ± 0.45%), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 30.34 ± 0.33%), respectively. The preference distribution of fatty acids in human milk TGs was hardly affected by regions, for the relative conservative interpositional levels of each fatty acids in three regions. Not only the specific distribution of sn-2 position, but the esterification of fatty acids in sn-1 and sn-3 positions also had preference. SCFA and MCFA were mainly esterified at sn-3 position, but LCSFA most unlikely distributed at the sn-3 position. The preference esterification of MUFA were sn-1, sn-3 > sn-2, and PUFA were sn-3 > sn-1 > sn-2. Therefore, the optimization of infant formulas not only needs considering total fatty acid composition of TGs but requires thinking over the stereo-distribution of fatty acids.This work aimed to investigate how the variation of free and insoluble-bound phenolics affected the antioxidant properties of mustard grains from two varieties (black - Brassica nigra and white - Sinapsis alba) during different germination parameters. The germination conditions selected for each mustard variety to improve their antioxidant properties were different, as follows (a) for white mustard - 72 h of germination at 25 °C in the dark and (b) for black mustard - 48 h of germination at 25 °C alternating dark and light periods. At these conditions, increases of 49, 72, 80, 68, 42, 66 and 45% were detected for total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoids, condensed tannins, FRAP, DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC, respectively, for soluble extracts of white mustard compared to the non-germinated white mustard. The soluble extracts from black mustard, in turn, presented increases of 44, 18, 55, 29, 3, 160 and 42% for TPC, total flavonoids, condensed tannins, FRAP, DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC, respectively, compared to the non-germinated sample. Gallic acid, 3,4-di-hydroxybenzoic acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, coumaric acid, and rutin were identified by UPLC-MS/MS and were the main compounds detected in mustard extracts. Given the results obtained, germinated mustard grains have the potential for application as a functional and nutraceutical food.In this study the possibility of replacing current surfactants in chocolate formulations with natural lipids extracted from spinach leaf (SPLIP) or spinach chloroplast (CH.SPLIP) was evaluated. SPLIP and CH.SPLIP were extracted with chloroform/methanol following enzyme deactivation with hot isopropanol. Results showed a higher extraction yield for SPLIP while glycolipids were more concentrated in CH.SPLIP. Sugar/oil suspensions with dispersed volume fractions of 0.28, 0.33 and 0.37 containing 0.1% to 0.7% (w/w) surfactant (SPLIP, CH.SPLIP, lecithin and PGPR as commercial references) based on oil phase were prepared and analyzed in shear rheology. Apparent viscosity at 40 s-1 was significantly lower for the natural surfactants compared to lecithin at 0.5-0.7% (w/w) addition. With regard to yield stress, taken as the shear stress at 5 s-1, both natural surfactants showed comparable performance to PGPR at 0.3% to 0.7% addition. As SPLIP and CH.SPLIP behaved similar (p > 0.05), SPLIP, due to higher extraction yield, would be the preferred choice for application in chocolate matrices.