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decemlineata. Most of the conserved miRNAs were found in multiple developmental stages, whereas the novel miRNAs were often stage specific with the bulk identified in the egg stage. The identified miRNAs have a myriad of putative functions, including growth, reproduction, and insecticide resistance. We discuss the putative roles of some of the most notable miRNAs in the regulation of L. decemlineata development, as well as the potential applications of this research in Colorado potato beetle management. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.BACKGROUND The optimal dosing of antibiotics in critically ill patients receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT) remains unclear. In this study, we describe the variability in RRT techniques and antibiotic dosing in critically ill patients receiving RRT and to relate observed trough antibiotic concentrations to optimal targets. METHODS We performed a prospective, observational, multi-national, pharmacokinetic study in 29 intensive care units from 14 countries. We collected demographic, clinical and RRT data. We measured trough antibiotic concentrations of meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam and vancomycin and related them to high and low target trough concentrations. RESULTS We studied 381 patients and obtained 508 trough antibiotic concentrations. There was wide variability (4-8 fold) in antibiotic dosing regimens; RRT prescription, and estimated endogenous renal function. The overall median estimated total renal clearance (eTRCL) was 50 mL/min (interquartile range [IQR] 35-65) and higher eTRCL was associated with lower trough concentrations for all antibiotics (p less then 0.05). The median (IQR) trough concentration for meropenem was 12.1 mg/L (7.9-18.8), piperacillin 78.6 mg/L (49.5-127.3), tazobactam 9.5 mg/L (6.3-14.2) and vancomycin 14.3 mg/L (11.6-21.8). Trough concentrations failed to meet optimal higher limits in 26%, 36%, 72%, and optimal lower limits in 4%, 4%, and 55% of patients for meropenem, piperacillin and vancomycin respectively. CONCLUSIONS In critically ill patients treated with RRT, antibiotic dosing regimens, RRT prescription and eTRCL varied markedly and resulted in highly variable antibiotic concentrations that failed to meet therapeutic targets in many patients. buy Erastin © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Background Tenofovir alafenamide-emtricitabine (F/TAF) was recently approved as a noninferior and potentially safer option than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine (F/TDF) for HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the United States. Objective To estimate the greatest possible clinical benefits and economic savings attributable to the improved safety profile of F/TAF and the maximum price payers should be willing to pay for F/TAF over generic F/TDF. Design Cost-effectiveness analysis. Data Sources Published literature on F/TDF safety (in persons with and those without HIV) and the cost and quality-of-life effects of fractures and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Target Population Age-stratified U.S. men who have sex with men (MSM) using PrEP. Time Horizon Five years. Perspective Health care sector. Intervention Preexposure prophylaxis with F/TAF versus F/TDF. Outcome Measures Fractures averted, cases of ESRD averted, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) saved, costs, incremental cost-effectiveness ratiosational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute of Mental Health, and Massachusetts General Hospital Executive Committee on Research.BACKGROUND Microbiome biomarker discovery for patient diagnosis, prognosis, and risk evaluation is attracting broad interest. Selected groups of microbial features provide signatures that characterize host disease states such as cancer or cardio-metabolic diseases. Yet, the current predictive models stemming from machine learning still behave as black boxes and seldom generalize well. Their interpretation is challenging for physicians and biologists, which makes them difficult to trust and use routinely in the physician-patient decision-making process. Novel methods that provide interpretability and biological insight are needed. Here, we introduce "predomics", an original machine learning approach inspired by microbial ecosystem interactions that is tailored for metagenomics data. It discovers accurate predictive signatures and provides unprecedented interpretability. The decision provided by the predictive model is based on a simple, yet powerful score computed by adding, subtracting, or dividing cumulative abundance of microbiome measurements. RESULTS Tested on >100 datasets, we demonstrate that predomics models are simple and highly interpretable. Even with such simplicity, they are at least as accurate as state-of-the-art methods. The family of best models, discovered during the learning process, offers the ability to distil biological information and to decipher the predictability signatures of the studied condition. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we successfully predicted body corpulence and metabolic improvement after bariatric surgery using pre-surgery microbiome data. CONCLUSIONS Predomics is a new algorithm that helps in providing reliable and trustworthy diagnostic decisions in the microbiome field. Predomics is in accord with societal and legal requirements that plead for an explainable artificial intelligence approach in the medical field. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press.Using an analysis of the uniaxial compression process of Datong coal samples, the change of transient charge signals on coal surfaces is observed, and the influence of sampling directions (perpendicular to bedding planes and parallel to bedding planes) on the transient charge signals is studied. The intensity in perpendicular to bedding planes is 4.6~10.2 MPa, parallel to bedding planes is 2.1~5.3 MPa. The results show that the change of the charge signals on sample surfaces is instantaneous and pulsing, and such a change is always in accord with stress change and the alternation of positive and negative charge occurring over a short time period. Under uniaxial compression, the surface charge signal characteristics of coal sample in perpendicular to and parallel to the bedding are different. With a higher value of limiting stress, the transient charge signals on coal sample surfaces perpendicular to the bedding exhibit higher strength than those of coal samples oriented parallel to the bedding. However, the number of signal pulses during the failure process, for the samples perpendicular to the bedding, is less than that for the samples oriented parallel to the bedding.