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glycemia facilitated by a healthcare professional may reduce the burden and fear of hypoglycemia among patients with diabetes and their family members. check details Optimizing insulin doses and carbohydrate intake, in addition to a short warm up before or after the physical activity sessions may help avoiding hypoglycemia. Several therapeutic considerations are important to reduce hypoglycemia risk during pregnancy including administration of rapid-acting insulin analogs rather than human insulin, pre-conception initiation of insulin analogs, and immediate postpartum insulin dose reduction. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Although acetalization is a fundamental transformation in organic synthesis, intermolecular asymmetric acetalization remains an unsolved problem. In this study, a thiourea-ammonium hybrid catalyst was revealed to promote the O-alkylation of enols with a racemic γ-chlorobutenolide via dynamic kinetic resolution to give chiral acetals with good enantioselectivity. The catalyst simultaneously activates both the nucleophile and electrophile in a multifunctional manner. This method was applied to the asymmetric synthesis of several strigolactones. DFT calculations suggest that hydrogen bonding interaction between the chlorine of γ-chlorobutenolide and the Ts amide hydrogen of the catalyst, as well as other types of noncovalent catalyst-substrate interactions are crucial for achieving high stereoselectivity. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Data on direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA) treatment for mixed genotype hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are scant. This study examined the effectiveness of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) and ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) for mixed HCV genotype infection in a real-world setting in Taiwan. We analysed the data from all patients with mixed HCV genotype infections treated with GLE/PIB or LDV/SOF from 2017 to 2019 in three Chang Gung Memorial Hospitals in Taiwan. The primary treatment outcome was sustained virologic response 12 weeks after treatment cessation (SVR12). Adverse events (AEs) were also evaluated. A total of 5190 HCV patients received DAA treatment during this time period. Among them, 116 patients (2.2%) had mixed infections of any 2 or 3 genotypes of 1a, 1b, 2, 3 and 6. Fifty-four patients received GLE/PIB and 62 received LDV/SOF. SVR12 rates for LDV/SOF vs GLE/PIB therapy were 96.6% (56/58) vs 100% (51/51) by the per-protocol analysis and 90.3% (56/62) vs 94.4% (51/54) by the evaluable population analysis. Two patients with 1b + 6 and 1b + 2 genotype infections in the LDV/SOF group had relapse. Evaluating the GLE/PIB vs LDV/SOF groups for the most common AEs revealed pruritus (16.7% vs 4.8%), abdominal discomfort (5.6% vs 8%) and fatigue (5.6% vs 4.8%). One patient with AE-related treatment discontinuation presented with liver decompensation after 4-week GLE/PIB therapy. DAA-related significant laboratory abnormalities occurred in two patients with >3× elevated bilirubin level in the GLE/PIB group. GLE/PIB and LDV/SOF are well tolerated and achieve high SVR12 rates for patients with mixed HCV genotype infection. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Random sampling is an important statistical assumption, but virtually impossible when sampling a wild species as we cannot know where all the individuals exist. While inter-population or intra-taxa sampling methods have been developed, there are currently few intra-taxon sampling methods to objectively decide where to sample wild taxa. We suggest a new sampling method which computes appropriate sampling locations from coordinates, assuming geographical autocorrelation of phylogeny within a taxon (isolation-by-distance). The computed locations encompass the highest genetic diversity, providing a genetically representative sample. In addition, it can utilize presence/absence information during sampling to re-optimize sampling scheme. Comparing to the single existing method of the similar purpose, the merits of ours is unnecessity of environmental data resulting in easy application, and is theoretically deduced. We tested this method using published phylogeographical data. The test result was generally encouraging, but the method failed where species showed uniform genetic structure or recent distribution expansion which violate the assumption of geographical autocorrelation of phylogeny. Though simple, our method constructs a methodological and statistical foundation for sampling wild species, and is applicable to revising taxonomic study and conservation biology. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved."My favorite quote is 'All models are wrong, but some are useful' … I advise my students to read first and then go to the lab (can save months of work) …" Find out more about Tom Grossmann in his Author Profile. © 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.The Drafting Committee for Hepatitis Management Guidelines established by the Japan Society of Hepatology published the first version of the Guidelines for the Management of Hepatitis B in 2013 (first English version in 2014), and has since been publishing updates to the Guidelines as new drugs become available, with the latest original Japanese version being Version 3.1. Herein, the Drafting Committee publishes the second English version and contain all the changes made since the first English version of the guidelines was published in 2014. This 2019 version covers; (1) the nucleotide analogs tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tenofovir alafenamide, (2) updates to treatment recommendations and management of drug-resistant HBV that reflect the new availability of these drugs; and (3) new information about HBV reactivation with each update. This latest update also contains information about treatment goals, indications for treatment, and cessation of nucleos(t)ide analog therapy, most of which were covered by the first version. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.One-dimensional (1D) nanochannels modified with responsive molecules have been fabricated to replicate gating functionalities of biological ion channels. But gating effects of the small-molecular-modified nanochannels are usually weak mainly because small molecular gates could not efficiently block the large channels at the close states. Herein we report three-dimensional (3D) metal-organic-framework (MOF) sub-nanochannels (SNCs) confined with azobenzene (AZO) molecules to achieve efficient light-gating functionalities. The 3D MOFSNCs consisting of ~9-12-Å-sized cavities connected by ~6-Å-sized triangular windows work as angstrom-scale ion channels, while confined AZO within the MOF cavities function as light-driven molecular gates to efficiently regulate the ion flux. The AZO-MOFSNCs show a good cyclic gating performance and high on-off ratios up to ~17.8, which is one order of magnitude higher than ratios of ~1.3-1.5 observed in conventional 1D AZO-modified nanochannels. This work provides a new and feasible strategy to develop highly-efficient switchable ion channels based on 3D porous MOFs and small responsive molecules.