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African American caregivers in low-income, urban communities have high rates of food insecurity. Unemployment, education, smoking, stress, and depressive symptoms are associated with household food insecurity. selleck chemicals llc A cumulative risk model suggests that accumulation of risk may compound food insecurity risk, and certain risk factors are more likely to co-occur. This study utilizes two approaches to examine food insecurity risk among African American caregivers with an adolescent daughter-a cumulative risk index to examine accumulation of risk and food insecurity risk; latent class analysis (LCA) to determine if certain risk profiles exist and their relation to food insecurity risk. Caregivers completed surveys including demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral questions (to create a cumulative risk index) and a validated 2-item food insecurity screen. LCA was used to identify risk profiles. Logistic regression was used to examine relations between cumulative risk, risk profiles, and food insecurity risk. Each additional cumulative risk index factor was associated with a 54% increase in odds of risk of food insecurity. LCA identified three subgroups high stress/depression (class #1), low education/low stress and depression (class #2), and low risk overall (class #3). Odds of food insecurity risk were 4.7 times higher for class #1, and 1.5 times higher for class #2 compared with class #3. This study contributes to understanding of how food insecurity risk relates to cumulative risk and risk profiles. Findings can be used to improve food insecurity risk screening in clinical settings, enhancing intervention/referral for food security risk and mental health among African American caregivers and their households.Food insecurity, defined as the inability to access sufficient food for an active, healthy life, affects 11.1% of the US population and is primarily assessed using the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) 18-item Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM). The HFSSM is a self-report measure presumed to represent all household members, but it is unknown if cohabiting parents report food security differently. This pilot study aimed to determine (i) the inter-rater reliability of the HFSSM; (ii) the direction of any difference between responses to the HFSSM; and (iii) the item-level response similarities and differences among mothers and fathers of young children. Twenty-five pairs of low-income, food-insecure cohabiting parents of 2.5- to 10-year-old children participated in cognitive interviews assessing their level of food security using the USDA's HFSSM and completed related questionnaires. Intraclass correlations were computed to compare the responses of each dyad on the HFSSM overall and by item. Results revealed that overall report of food security was significantly but weakly correlated (r = .40, p = .02) within dyads. The majority of fathers (60%) reported higher food security scores on the HFSSM than their respective female partners. Furthermore, item-level intraclass correlations revealed that some HFSSM questions had poor reliability between cohabiting parents. This research identifies that a potential shortcoming of the HFSSM is the under-reporting of food insecurity by fathers compared with mothers within the household. These findings have implications for the utility of this measure used in national monitoring of the nation's food security.Lower-income populations experience food insecurity, are less likely to meet dietary recommendations, and develop noncommunicable diseases at higher rates than the general U.S. population. Food pantries, which provide food to individuals in need, present an opportunity to decrease these disparities. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient quality of the food supply using multiple measures in two food pantry food environments and examine the methodological impactions for translation from research to practice. Nutrient quality of the food supply at two food pantries located in southwest Montana was evaluated using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2015, NOVA classification system, and UnProcessed Pantry Project (UP3) framework every other month during 2018 and 2019. From a total of 63,429 pounds, 291,070 servings, and 32,818 calories of food, processed and ultraprocessed food (UPF) accounted for 57% of servings, 59% of pounds, and 67% of calories. UPF accounts for the highest proportion of food calories compared to its weight. Simutaneously, the food pantries' food supply had total HEI scores of 77.55 and 79.45 out of a total possible score of 100. NOVA, UP3, and HEI measured multiple aspects that increased the understanding of the nutrient quality of the food supply in two food pantries. A multifaceted approach should be applied, or an all-inclusive tool should be developed, to speed the translation of evidence to practice when assessing and promoting a food supply that limits UPF, increasing the availability of nutritious food and decreasing health disparities for low-income populations.The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Security Survey Module (FSSM) is a valuable tool for measuring food insecurity, but it has limitations for capturing experiences of less severe food insecurity. To develop and test the Four Domain Food Insecurity Scale (4D-FIS), a complementary measure designed to assess all four domains of the food access dimension of food insecurity (quantitative, qualitative, psychological, and social).Low-income Black, Latina, and White women (n = 109) completed semi-structured (qualitative) and structured (quantitative) interviews. Interviewers separately administered two food insecurity scales, including the 4D-FIS and the USDA FSSM adult scale. A scoring protocol was developed to determine food insecurity status with the 4D-FIS. Analyses included a confirmatory factor analysis to examine the hypothesized structure of the 4D-FIS and an initial evaluation of reliability and validity. A four-factor model fit the data reasonably well as judged with fit indices. Results showed relatively high factor loadings and inter-factor correlations indicated that factors were distinct. Cronbach's alpha (ɑ) for the overall scale was 0.90 (subscale ɑ ranged from 0.69 to 0.91) and provided support for the scale's internal consistency reliability. There was fair overall agreement between the 4D-FIS and USDA FSSM adult scale, but agreement varied by category. Findings provide preliminary support for the 4D-FIS as a complementary measure of food insecurity, with implications for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working in U.S. communities.