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LR after RT to the primary site increased with increasing tumor stage, highlighting the importance of clear surgical margins for high-risk tumors. Prospective randomized studies characterizing outcomes by tumor stage for RT compared with surgery are needed to inform guidelines.

LR after RT to the primary site increased with increasing tumor stage, highlighting the importance of clear surgical margins for high-risk tumors. Prospective randomized studies characterizing outcomes by tumor stage for RT compared with surgery are needed to inform guidelines.

Many studies have evaluated radiofrequency microneedling (RFMN) in various dermatologic conditions. However, the efficacy and safety of RFMN, and how it compares with other energy-based devices in a clinician's armamentarium, remains unclear.

To review higher-quality evidence supporting RFMN and the dermatologic conditions which it can be used in.

A search was conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to May 13, 2020, using the terms "radiofrequency microneedling" OR "fractional radiofrequency" OR "radiofrequency needling" OR "radiofrequency percutaneous collagen induction." Only randomized, split body or blinded studies with original data on humans were included. Non-English or non-dermatology-related studies were excluded.

Forty-two higher-quality studies were included after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. There were 14 studies for skin rejuvenation, 7 for acne scars, 6 for acne vulgaris, 5 each for striae and axillary hyperhidrosis, 2 for melasma, and 1 each for rosacea, cellulite, and androgenetic alopecia.

Radiofrequency microneedling is an effective intervention that can be used repeatedly and safely in combination with other treatment modalities and in individuals with darker skin phototypes. Radiofrequency microneedling-induced dermal remodeling and neocollagenesis are slow and progressive but continue to improve even 6 months after treatment.

Radiofrequency microneedling is an effective intervention that can be used repeatedly and safely in combination with other treatment modalities and in individuals with darker skin phototypes. Radiofrequency microneedling-induced dermal remodeling and neocollagenesis are slow and progressive but continue to improve even 6 months after treatment.

Research and innovation over the past half century have rendered testicular cancer a highly curable malignancy. Challenges and uncertainty remain in several aspects related to the management and surveillance of patients with germ cell tumors (GCT). Long-term effects of treatment on survivors of testicular cancer remain as continued areas of interest. This review aims to highlight pearls and perils in the management of patients with GCT.

Uncertainty remain regarding complex aspects of first-line and salvage treatments of GCT, interpretation of tumor markers in cases of α-fetoprotein levels less than 25 ng/ml, plateau of β-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels in patients with initial hCG greater than 50 000 mIU/ml, supportive therapies throughout chemotherapy regimens, and long-term survivorship of patients who underwent surgery or received platinum-based chemotherapy. This review aims to highlight challenges that remain in GCT, review the emerging data in these areas, and provide our institutional opinion on the management in several aspects of GCT.

Testicular cancer continues to present challenging clinical scenarios with respect to treatment, surveillance, and long-term management of patients. We review the data and share our institutional knowledge in several challenging areas related to the management of GCT.

Testicular cancer continues to present challenging clinical scenarios with respect to treatment, surveillance, and long-term management of patients. We review the data and share our institutional knowledge in several challenging areas related to the management of GCT.

Disclosure after medical error is a complex process that goes beyond a single provider and the patient. The types and severity of errors occurring in the practice of anesthesiology may have more implications for patients, requiring a thoughtful approach to the patient, their families and the healthcare system as a whole.

Tenants of the disclosure have been established. Simulation for trainees and practitioners allows for education and preparation for such events.

Despite education and systems-based improvements in quality and safety in medicine, errors will undoubtably occur. Communication with patients and their families after an event is key in maintaining trust in the therapeutic relationship. A concerted effort is required by a team to ensure a well-executed disclosure.

Despite education and systems-based improvements in quality and safety in medicine, errors will undoubtably occur. Communication with patients and their families after an event is key in maintaining trust in the therapeutic relationship. Selleck Lumacaftor A concerted effort is required by a team to ensure a well-executed disclosure.

More than 8.5 million people in the world observe the Jehovah's Witness faith, and require unique consideration for perioperative blood management as they generally refuse transfusion of blood and blood products. This review addresses a collaborative approach to each patient throughout the perioperative arena. The principles of this approach include optimization of hemoglobin levels preoperatively, attention to blood-salvaging methods intraoperatively, and minimization of blood draws postoperatively. In addition, we review the technologies currently in development as transfusion alternatives, including hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers.

Progress has been made recently in the field of synthetic blood alternatives and hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers, which may lead to improved outcomes in this patient population.

Utilization of multiple prevention and mitigation strategies to optimize oxygen supply and decrease oxygen demand will lead to decreased incidence of critical anemia and subsequent improved mortality in Jehovah's Witness patients.

Utilization of multiple prevention and mitigation strategies to optimize oxygen supply and decrease oxygen demand will lead to decreased incidence of critical anemia and subsequent improved mortality in Jehovah's Witness patients.