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In the anteroposterior direction, the IS-MR and CS-MR groups showed significantly different positions. In the superoinferior direction, the MR and PR groups showed significantly different positions. Conclusions The registration using the PR function of the 3D planning software packages was significantly more accurate than the registration using the MR function. There was no significant difference between the registrations using the IS model and the CS model when using the PR functions.Maxillary LeFort impaction surgery can lead to improvements in facial proportions, smile esthetics, and improved function for patients with long lower facial height and anterior open bite. Sometimes, because of patient wishes, corrective jaw surgery might not be the most appropriate choice for treatment. This report describes the orthodontic retreatment of a 25-year-old woman with a history of 2 orthodontic treatments and 1 corrective jaw surgery, each with anterior open bite relapse. This third orthodontic treatment plan addressed her chief concern and focused on maximizing esthetics, function, and long-term stability. A problem list was used to design a treatment plan that incorporated myofunctional therapy, fixed appliances, and temporary anchorage devices to intrude her maxillary teeth and correct her orthodontic problems. Molar intrusion lasted 8.5 months, and total treatment time in fixed appliances lasted 22 months. The treatment was successful in addressing her chief concerns by shortening her lower facial third, relieving her lip strain, closing her anterior open bite, and achieving a Class I molar and canine occlusion. Overall, posttreatment stability was excellent at approximately 1-year follow-up, and the patient stated that she was very happy with the result.When performing single-jaw surgery for mandibular setback, the distal segment of the mandible is brought distally along the occlusal plane, leaving the relationship of the B-point and pogonion unchanged. Double-jaw surgery for rotation of the maxillomandibular complex can be considered for solving this problem. However, maxillary surgery for rotational setback of the mandible can be replaced with orthodontic intrusion of the maxillary molars. Correcting the mandibular asymmetry that frequently accompanies mandibular prognathism often requires corrections of roll, yaw, and transverse shift of the mandible. Performing these corrections in mandibular single-jaw setback surgery requires transverse decompensation and orthodontic correction of maxillary occlusal-plane canting. This case report describes the simultaneous achievement of maxillary molar intrusion, transverse decompensation, and canting correction using a palatal lever supported by 2 midpalatal mini-implants. After creating a lateral open bite, mandibular setback surgery was performed with a 13.5° clockwise rotation, 2.9° roll correction, 3.5° yaw correction, and 3.5-mm transverse shift. The application of rotational setback significantly improved the facial esthetics. This case report demonstrates that orthodontic intrusion of the maxillary molars and transverse decompensation can replace maxillary surgery in the treatment of mandibular prognathism with asymmetry.Introduction This study aimed to explore current orthodontic residents' demographics, their opinions on their residency and plans for the future and highlight secular changes since past surveys. Methods An anonymous 39-item institutional review board-approved survey was implemented at the 2018 Graduate Orthodontic Resident Program using an online survey tool and portable devices. Questions fit 3 categories program, future goals, and demographics. Responses were analyzed to determine frequencies, means, and cross tabulations. Analyses of variance and chi-square were applied with significance defined as P $80,000 annually. Orthodontic and total educational debts were significantly correlated (r = 0.704) and averaged $137,706 ± $127,380 and $323,071 ± $266,510, respectively. These debts were significantly lower (P less then 0.0001) for respondents with stipends. Debts influenced the decision of where to work in the future for 62% of respondents and were a source of anxiety for 72% of respondents. Educational debts were significantly positively associated with anxiety levels (P less then 0.0001). Conclusions This survey provided current information on orthodontic residents' opinions, plans, and demographics. Comparisons with previous surveys showed increases in the number of female respondents, tuition costs, and educational debts and decreases in stipends. Orthodontics may be approaching a "bubble market" where the financial benefits do not outweigh specialty education costs.Introduction The purpose of this study was to calculate heritability estimates of alveolar bone thickness around maxillary and mandibular incisors. Methods The sample consisted of cone-beam computed tomography scans of 69 groups of siblings. The scans were analyzed, and Invivo5 software was used to measure the labial and lingual bone thickness. The central point of the root was identified as the point of rotation in order to construct the point of intersection with the outer bone surface. The linear distance was measured from this constructed point to the root apex. The general linear method was then used to calculate the heritability of alveolar bone thickness. Results Heritability of alveolar bone thickness was, on average, 58.0% for maxillary incisors and 50.3% for mandibular incisors. These estimates indicate a moderate to high heritability of alveolar bone thickness with an overall average heritability of 54.1%. Conclusions Genetic factors were found to play significant roles in determining bone thickness around these teeth. The genetic effect on alveolar bone thickness around incisors is moderate to high.Introduction When tooth roots protrude into the maxillary sinus, apical root resorption and tipping may occur during horizontal tooth movement across the sinus floor. SCH-442416 Three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images may provide detailed information without distortion and overlap. We evaluated the relationships between the maxillary tooth root apices and the maxillary sinus floor using CBCT. Methods We evaluated 4778 roots from 76 men (aged 27.6 ± 10.4 [mean ± standard deviation] years; range, 18-69 years), and 225 women (aged 30.4 ± 12.0 years; range, 18-68 years). The positional relationships between the maxillary tooth root apices, including the canine, premolar (first and/or second), and molar (first and/or second), and the inferior wall of the maxillary sinus were comprehensively evaluated on 2 cross-sectional CBCT images (ie, the sagittal and coronal planes). These distances were measured in both images simultaneously. Results The sagittal plane distances were significantly larger than coronal plane distances, except for the distobuccal root of the first molar.