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Tobacco is a leading cause of death and illness despite > 50 years of antitobacco efforts.

To establish the determinants of current and former smoking and smokeless tobacco use in Sudan as measured by the STEPwise Survey 2016.

A household-based cross-sectional World Health Organization STEPwise Survey was conducted among 7745 Sudanese citizens aged 18-69 years across 11 states in Sudan. A 4-stage stratified cluster sampling design was implemented. The generic STEPS Instrument (version 3.2) was used and questions were tailored to the Sudanese context.

Among current male smokers, 63.7% were aged ≤ 35 years, 50.7% were illiterate or did not complete primary school, 84.5% were employed and 52.4% were in the lowest 2 quintiles of income. Among male smokeless tobacco users, 54.8% were aged ≤ 35 years, 48.4% were illiterate or did not complete primary school, 89.7% were employed and 52.2% were in the lowest 2 quintiles of income. Using multivariate logistic regression models, current smoking in men was associated with older age, informal education, unemployment and lower income. Smokeless tobacco use was associated with age 18-25 years, informal education, unemployment and lower income.

Both forms of tobacco use were associated with poor socioeconomic status and unemployment. Smokeless tobacco use was associated with age 18-25 years as opposed to smoking tobacco use. These results can inform the target audience of the future tobacco control plans.

Both forms of tobacco use were associated with poor socioeconomic status and unemployment. Smokeless tobacco use was associated with age 18-25 years as opposed to smoking tobacco use. These results can inform the target audience of the future tobacco control plans.On 25 September 2015, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly adopted and committed to a new development agenda "Transforming our world the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", which translated into 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Global commitment to SDGs ushered in renewed calls to improve availability and accessibility of timely and quality information to monitor the progress towards achieving the health-related SDGs globally and in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). Health-related targets - under SDG 3 and also within other goals - require careful measurement and monitoring in order to track progress and success in policy implementation. SDG targets requires accurate and timely reporting of diseases, risk factors, mortality and causes of deaths (ranging from maternal mortality to death from road traffic accidents) and health care and social determinants of health.Osteoarthritis (OA) is a public health problem that affects 240 million people globally; however, the current treatment options for OA are not effective. Therefore, there is still an urgent need to identify novel strategies to reduce the incidence and progression of OA. The circular RNA hsa_circ_0094742 was reported to be downregulated in patients with OA. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The levels of hsa_circ_0094742 in CHON-001 were detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and Ki67 staining were used to determine the cell viability. The protein expression of biomarkers was detected by western blot analysis. In addition, the putative downstream target of hsa_circ_0094742 was predicted using the Circinteractome and TargetScan online databases. The putative targeting relationship was verified by dual luciferase reporter assay and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Next, cell apoptosis was determined by Annexin V/PI staining. hsa_circ_0094742 overexpression (OE) inhibited interleukin (IL)-1β-induced decline in the viability of CHON-001 cells and primary human chondrocytes. Furthermore, IL-1β-induced alterations in aggrecan, matrix metallopeptidase 13, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), Bax and active caspase 3 were reversed by hsa_circ_0094742 OE. Luciferase reporter assay indicated that miR-127-5p was the downstream target of hsa_circ_0094742, and latexin was the target of miR-127-5p. hsa_circ_0094742 OE inhibited IL-1β-induced decline in CHON-001 cell viability by targeting miRNA-127-5p. The findings of the present study revealed the biological rational of the use of hsa_circ_0094742 OE as an anti-IL-1β effector in human chondrocytes. These findings may prompt further research on hsa_circ_0094742 as a potent circRNA target for the treatment of OA.

Different immunohistochemical markers to detect amastigotes in cutaneous leishmaniasis have been proposed with variable diagnostic usefulness.

To evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of immunohistochemical amastigotes identification by specific polyclonal anti-Leishmania antibodies and CD1a expression (clone EP3622) in a series of PCR confirmed cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Thirty-three skin samples corresponding to PCR confirmed cutaneous leishmaniasis were included in the study. All samples were stained with Hematoxylin-eosin and Giemsa. this website Moreover, immunohistochemical studies with anti-CD1a and anti-Leishmania antibodies were performed. The patients clinical features and the observed histopathological features were also recorded.

From the selected 33 biopsies, Leishmania spp. amastigotes were detected in 48.4% of cases with conventional Hematoxylin-eosin stain and in 57.5% of cases by Giemsa staining. In 31/33 cases, anti-CD1a allowed us to identify parasitic structures, and in 33/33 cases amastigotes were when the CD1a immunostaining is added to the classical Haematoxylin - eosin and Giemsa staining.In recent years, considerable and growing attention has been given to the application of host-associated microorganisms as a more suitable source of probiotics in aquaculture sector. Herein, we isolated and screened the olive flounder gut microbiota for beneficial bacterial strains that might serve as potential probiotics in a low fishmeal extruded aquafeed. Among the ten identified isolates, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SK4079 and B. subtilis SK4082 were screened out based on their heat-resistant ability as well as enzymatic and non-hemolytic activities. Although both strains were well able to utilize carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), xylan, and soybean meal (SBM) as a single carbon source in the minimal nutrient M9 medium, B. subtilis exhibited significantly higher cellulase, xylanase, and protease activities than B. amyloliquefaciens. The two selected strains were well able to degrade the undesirable anti-nutritional component of the SBM, which would limit its utilization as protein source in aquafeed industry.

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