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However, the threshold for a sustained non-oxidative contribution to exercise energetics is the critical power, which occurs at a metabolic rate often far above the LT and separates heavy from very heavy/severe-intensity exercise. Lactate is now appreciated as a crucial energy source, major gluconeogenic precursor and signalling molecule but there is no ipso facto evidence for muscle dysoxia or anoxia. Non-invasive estimation of LT using the gas exchange threshold (non-linear increase of V ̇ C O 2 versus V ̇ O 2 ) remains important in exercise training and in the clinic, but its conceptual basis should now be understood in light of lactate shuttle biology.

Inpatient care for people with diabetes can and must be improved. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the way care is delivered across the UK. Diabetes UK needed to understand how inpatient care for people with diabetes has been affected and to identify opportunities, areas of concerns and recommendations for the future.

We interviewed 28 healthcare professionals and hospital teams from across the UK to find out about their experiences of delivering inpatient diabetes care during the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

We found that disruption to inpatient diabetes services created positive environments and opportunities for new ways of working, but in the minority, impacted on the quality of care clinicians felt they were able to deliver.

It is important that these positive ways of working be maintained and as a result of these experiences we have outlined urgent recommendations for the challenging winter months ahead.

It is important that these positive ways of working be maintained and as a result of these experiences we have outlined urgent recommendations for the challenging winter months ahead.

Being sentenced to imprisonment can be traumatic. This may lead to further negative effects, including reoffending or disorders of mental health. Emerging research, however, has suggested that traumatic events can, at times, also lead to post-traumatic growth, leading us to question whether prisoners could experience this.

Our aims were to explore the prevalence of post-traumatic growth in prisoners and any association between this and prisoners' perceptions of the quality of their relationships with staff. Our primary hypothesis was that there would be a positive association between perceptions of the quality of relationships with staff members and post-traumatic growth. IOX2 cost We also hypothesised an interaction between staff-prisoner relationships and the extent to which sentencing was experienced as traumatic.

The Post-traumatic Growth Inventory and the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory were distributed to all 762 prisoners in a high-security prison for adult men in England. First, one-tailed correlatnd their role in promoting positive psychological outcomes.

Our study extends understanding of prisoners through finding that higher levels of self-rated post-traumatic growth were associated with experiencing empathy, positive regard, acceptance and genuineness from prison staff. This highlights the need for high-quality relationships to be adopted in all aspects of prison setting and culture and offers further direction for research into such relationships and their role in promoting positive psychological outcomes.Internationally, there has been substantial growth in temporary working, including in the medical profession where temporary doctors are known as locums. There is little research into the implications of temporary work in health care. In this paper, we draw upon theories concerning the sociology of the medical profession to examine the implications of locum working for the medical profession, healthcare organisations and patient safety. We focus particularly on the role of organisations in professional governance and the positioning of locums as peripheral to or outside the organisation, and the influence of intergroup relationships (in this case between permanent and locum doctors) on professional identity. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted between 2015 and 2017 in England with 79 participants including locum doctors, locum agency staff, and representatives of healthcare organisations who use locums. An abductive approach to analysis combined inductive coding with deductive, theory-driven interpretation. Our findings suggest that locums were perceived to be inferior to permanently employed doctors in terms of quality, competency and safety and were often stigmatised, marginalised and excluded. The treatment of locums may have negative implications for collegiality, professional identity, group relations, team functioning and the way organisations deploy and treat locums may have important consequences for patient safety.To investigate the semiquantitative methylation alterations of MLH1 and MSH2 and the possible association among methylation of MLH1 and MSH2, sperm DNA fragmentation and sperm chromatin condensation in idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermic men. Seventy-five idiopathic infertile men and 52 fertile and/or normozoospermic men were included in the study. SDF was analysed using the TUNEL assay in semen samples of 100 men. Promoter methylation of MLH1 and MSH2 genes was assessed by semiquantitative methylight analysis in semen samples of 39 and 40 men respectively. Sperm chromatin condensation was evaluated using aniline blue staining in 114 men. MLH1 promoter methylation was positively correlated with the percentage of aniline blue positive spermatozoa (r = 0.401, p = 0.0188). On the other hand, MSH2 promoter methylation was negatively correlated with sperm concentration and total sperm count (r = -0.421, p = 0.0068 and r = 0.4408, p = 0.009 respectively). The percentage of aniline blue positive spermatozoa in the control group was significantly lower than in the OAT group (p less then 0.0001) and negatively correlated with total sperm count (r = -0.683, p less then 0.0001), progressive sperm motility (r = -0.628, p less then 0.0001), total motility (r = -0.639, p less then 0.0001) and normal morphology (r = -0.668, p less then 0.0001). Promoter methylation profile of MLH1 and MSH2 genes may play role on sperm DNA packaging and conventional semen parameters respectively.