Holgersenrios9083

Previous studies have thoroughly elucidated the exposure-response relationship between ambient temperature and hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), whereas very little concern has been to the lag-response relationship and related key time points.

We aimed to clarify the temporal characteristics of the lag-response relationship between ambient temperature and HFMD and how they may vary spatially.

We retrieved the daily time series of meteorological variables and HFMD counts for 143 cities in mainland China between 2009 and 2014. We estimated the city-specific lag-response curve between ambient temperature and HFMD and related key time points by applying common distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNM) and Monte Carlo simulation methods. Selleckchem AS101 Then, we pooled the city-specific estimates by performing a meta-regression with the city-specific characteristics as meta-predictors to explain the potential spatial heterogeneity.

We found a robust lag pattern between temperature and HFMD for different levels of temperal heterogeneity of the lag-response relationship between temperature and HFMD. Those findings gave us new insights into the complex association and the related mechanisms between weather and HFMD and important information for weather-based disease early warning systems.Towards the Xiaotang region along the northern margin of the China's largest desert, a quantitative assessment of the precision of clear-sky satellite observations (the Single Scanner Footprint TOA/Surface Fluxes and Clouds downward surface shortwave radiation product of Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES), DSSRCER) is conducted, the localized inversion mode of "absolutely clear-sky" downward surface shortwave radiation (DSSR) is established, and the "absolutely clear-sky" DSSR in Xiaotang during 2005-2018 is simulated by the Santa Barbara Discrete Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) model. In general, under the "absolutely clear-sky" condition of Xiaotang region, there is a significant error in DSSRCER, and the simulated results of SBDART (DSSRSBD) with same input parameters as DSSRCER is better and more comparable. Single scattering albedo (SSA), asymmetry parameter (ASY) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) play crucial roles in deciding the accuracy of DSSR, and after parameter adjustment, the DSSRSBD is better than the initial, which is improved remarkably with all indexes of the fitting results greatly improved. The temporal variation of the DSSR during 2005-2018 indicates that the highest annual average value is found in 2008 (770.00 W·m-2), while the lowest appears in 2010 (600.97 W·m-2). Besides, the highest seasonal mean DSSR appears in summer, which between 860.6 and 935.07 W·m-2, while reaches the lowest in winter (403.79-587.53 W·m-2). Moreover, the monthly average DSSR changes as a curve with a single peak and is close to normal distribution, the highest appears in June (934.61 W·m-2), while the minimum with the value of 390.34 W·m-2 is found in December. All of the solar elevation angle, the characteristics of climate and aerosol particles in different seasons may contribute to the temporal variation.In this study, three types of constructed wetlands (CWs) (biofilm-attachment-surface-CWs, packed bed-CWs and traditional-CWs) were assembled to comparatively evaluate their ability and mechanism to remove tri-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) under continuous flow operation. The removal rate (26%-28%) of TCPP in two types of CWs containing plants was twice as much as that in plant-free CWs in 6-month experiments, and TCPP showed a terminal accumulation phenomenon in Cyperus alternifolius with the order of accumulation of leaf>stem>root. The mass balance indicated that the contributions of filler and hydrophyte absorption to TCPP removal were less than 1%, but the transpiration of hydrophytes may make an important contribution (approximately 10%) to TCPP removal. Species in the genera Massilia, Denitratisoma and SM1A02 may be responsible for TCPP biodegradation. In addition, the effect of TCPP on the metabolic pathways and energy generation in the roots of C. alternifolius suggested that TCPP may be transported and utilized through cellular metabolism.Anthropization of insular ecosystems may have negative impacts on native populations of lizards, which provide core ecosystem services on islands. We aimed to identify environmental factors to explain the interlocal variation in faecal glucocorticoids, parasite intensity, and body condition in populations of insular lizards. A cross-sectional design during the summer of 2017 and 2018 was used to sample 611 adult lizards, Gallotia galloti. Interlocal variation of three stress indicators was analysed in response to environmental variables across a wide environmental gradient in Tenerife (Canary Islands) (i) concentration of faecal glucocorticoids, (ii) intensities of infection by hematic parasites, and (iii) body condition. The data, with low spatial autocorrelation, were analysed using multimodel inference and model cross-validation. Bioclimatic variables associated with the extreme hot and dry climate of summer were the most informative predictors. Interlocal variation in faecal corticosterone in males was becological roles.Plastic pollution is a source of chemical to the environment and wildlife. Despite the ubiquity of plastic pollution and thus plastic additive in the environment, plastic additives have been studied to a limited extend. As a prerequisite to a study aiming to evaluate the leaching of a common additive used as an antioxidant (Irgafos® 168) from polyethylene microparticles, an inventory of the potential background contamination of the laboratory workplace was done. In this study, Irgafos® 168 (tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl) phosphite) and its oxidized form (tris (2,4-ditert-butylphenyl) phosphate) were quantified in different laboratory reagents, including the plastic packaging and the powders, using Pyrolysis-GC/MS. At least one form of Irgafos® 168 was detected in all tested laboratory reagents with higher concentrations in caps and bottles as compared to the powders. Additionally, oxidized Irgafos® 168 was also found in the reverse osmosed and deionized water container used in the laboratory. The same profile of contamination, i.