Hongcochrane4980

We are able to compare intensities across different sorts of stimuli, like in matching the brightness of visual stimuli of different hue, or the loudness of auditory stimuli of different spectral shapes. We can even match the brightness of a visual stimulus to the loudness of a tone, and vice versa. The term cross-dimensional matching is used to subsume these kinds of intra- and cross-modal tasks. The often replicated regression effect in cross-dimensional matching relates to the observation that the intensity of whatever stimulus is adjusted exhibits a tendency toward some mean magnitude, which is interpreted as serving as an internal reference. Internal references, however, are not part of psychophysical theory in the tradition of Stevens. They form a key ingredient for the theory of global psychophysics initiated by R. Duncan Luce, which also makes explicit Stevens' assumption of an underlying ratio scale of perceived intensity to which all sensations map, and renders it empirically testable. The present article generalizes Luce's theory of cross-dimensional magnitude production (Luce et al., 2010) to integrate potentially role-dependent internal references (pertaining to the standard, or the adjusted stimulus) as suggested by the regression effect. Reconsidering available empirical evidence for magnitude production and matching experiments in the light of these theoretical developments leads to a coherent picture. The results indicate that internal references are role-dependent in cross-dimensional tasks (intra- or cross-modal), but role-independent in intra-dimensional tasks. Moreover, predictions derived from the generalized theory provide a close fit to classical matching data. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).This article tests the conjecture that memory retrieval is attention turned inward by developing an episodic flanker task that is analogous to the well-known perceptual flanker task and by developing models of the spotlight of attention focused on a memory list. Participants were presented with a list to remember (ABCDEF) followed by a probe in which one letter was cued (# # C # # #). The task was to indicate whether the cued letter matched the letter in the cued position in the memory list. The data showed classic results from the perceptual flanker task. Response time and accuracy were affected by the distance between the cued letter in the probe and the memory list (# # D # # # was worse than # # E # # #) and by the compatibility of the uncued letters in the probe and the memory list (ABCDEF was better than STCRVX). There were six experiments. The first four established distance and compatibility effects. The fifth generalized the results to sequential presentation of memory lists, and the sixth tested the boundary conditions of distance and flanker effects with an item recognition task. The data were fitted with three families of models that apply space-based, object-based, and template-based theories of attention to the problem of focusing attention on the cued item in memory. The models accounted for the distance and compatibility effects, providing measures of the sharpness of the focus of attention on memory and the ability to ignore distraction from uncued items. Together, the data and theory support the conjecture that memory retrieval is attention turned inward and motivate further research on the topic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire-9 (APQ-9) is a widely used brief measure of parenting behaviors. However, the reliability coefficients of the three APQ-9 subscales vary substantially. A reliability generalization meta-analysis was conducted on the three APQ-9 subscales to (a) estimate mean internal consistency reliability values and (b) examine the sources of variance. A total of 113 coefficient alphas from 31,572 informants, across 32 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Results showed acceptable mean α values (.84 for positive parenting, .66 for inconsistent discipline, and .70 for poor supervision subscales). Moderator analyses results found that differences in coefficient αs of the three subscales were influenced by numerous variables including administration format, country, language version, population, the mean and standard deviation of scores, and sample size. Our findings support the utility of the parent-report APQ-9 as a useful measure of parenting behaviors. Future research direction is also discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Because the construct of psychopathy is of chief interest across different disciplines, spanning developmental, clinical, and forensic psychology, its assessment bears far-reaching implications. One prominent contemporary conceptualization of psychopathy, the Triarchic Model, posits that a psychopathic personality encompasses three phenotypic constructs boldness, meanness, and disinhibition. Recently, triarchic scales have been derived based on items from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), and the psychometric characteristics of this approach (MPQ-triarchic [MPQ-Tri]) are promising. The present study examined the longitudinal measurement invariance and the construct validity of the MPQ-Tri scales in a large and diverse high-risk sample (N = 716) across four time points from age 16-25. First, we report and discuss implications of confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses of the MPQ-Tri scales. Next, we report evidence for longitudinal configural and partial scalar invariance. Selleck AZD9291 In addition, in line with previous studies, MPQ-Boldness showed relatively higher levels of rank-order and mean-level stability compared to MPQ-Meanness and Disinhibition. Finally, in terms of construct validity, the MPQ-Tri scales showed a pattern of association with external correlates across internalizing and externalizing domains that were largely in line with theoretical expectations. One partial exception concerned the limited discriminant validity of the MPQ-Meanness and Disinhibition scales. On balance, the present findings suggest that the MPQ-Tri scales fulfill their intended purpose, with some noted limitation, and provide grounds for the use of the MPQ-Tri scales in developmentally-informed studies on the etiology and consequences of psychopathy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).