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01). Also, EVR (40 nM) significantly (p  less then  0.01) inhibited glutamate-induced apoptosis through depressing the elevation of bax/bcl-2 ratio and expression of cleaved caspase-3, concentration depend.Conclusion The results demonstrated, for the first time, that EVR could protect against glutamate-mediated PC12 cell death via inhibiting apoptosis.The amount of real-world data (RWD) available from sources other than randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) has grown ultra-rapidly in recent years. It provides the impetus for generating substantial evidence of effectiveness and safety from both RCTs and RWD to accelerate medical product development. Especially in the areas of unmet needs, the conduct of fully powered RCTs is generally infeasible because of their sizes, duration, cost, or ethical constraints. The unique challenges in such areas include a small patient population, heterogeneity in disease presentation, and a lack of established endpoints. However, merging information from disparate sources is an intricate task. The value of the Bayesian framework has gained more recognition due to its flexibility in calibrating uncertainty and handling data heterogeneity, and its inherent updating process ideal for synthesizing information. Meanwhile, propensity score, as a powerful tool in causal inference, can be used in various ways to adjust for confounders. As a newly emerging data borrowing strategy in a regulatory setting, integrating propensity scores in a Bayesian setting not only utilizes the strengths from Bayesian models but also minimizes bias from external data borrowing. These methods potentially allow information sharing among data sources, provide more reliable estimates when the sample size is small, and improve the efficiency of treatment effect estimation. In this paper, we will review the recent development of methods incorporating propensity score for evidence synthesis under the Bayesian framework, and discuss different examples of incorporating external data with or without RCTs, as well as the recommendations for reporting in clinical studies.The search for new nanomaterials has brought to the multifactorial industry several opportunities for use and applications for existing materials. Carbon nanotubes (CNT), for example, present excellent properties which allow us to assume a series of applications, however there is concern in the industrial scope about possible adverse health effects related to constant exposure for inhalation or direct skin contact. Thus, using cell models is the fastest and safest way to assess the effects of a new material. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic profile in LA9 murine fibroblast lineage, of a new multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) that was functionalized with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) to obtain better physical-chemical characteristics for industrial use. The modifications presented in the CNT cause concern, as they can change its initial characteristics, making this nanomaterial harmful. HR-TEM, FE-SEM and zeta potential were used for the characterization. Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation tests, oxidative and nitrosative stress analyzes and inflammatory cytokine assay (TNF-α) were performed. The main findings demonstrated a reduction in cell viability, increased release of intracellular ROS, accompanied by an increase in TNF-α, indicating an important inflammatory profile. Confirmation of the data was performed by flow cytometry and ImageXpress with apoptosis/necrosis markers. These data provide initial evidence that OCNT-TEPA has a cytotoxic profile dependent on the concentration of LA9 fibroblasts, since there was an increase in free radicals, inflammation induction and cell death, suggesting that continuous exposure to this nanoparticle can cause damage to different tissues in the organism.Purpose To evaluate the lower labial minor salivary glands (MSGs) flow rate using fluorescein dye in healthy individuals and patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS).Methods Thirty consecutive patients with SS (N = 15; mean age 35.7 years) and SJS (N = 15; 57.7 years), and their age- and sex-matched healthy controls (N = 40; mean ocular surface disease index (OSDI) = 6.1) had ocular examination and whole lower labial mucosa evaluation after ophthalmic fluorescein strip application under cobalt blue light. check details Analyzed parameters include average labial distribution of functional MSGs, their secretory flow rate, and comparison between healthy and diseased groups.Results The mean salivary flow rate from the lower labial MSGs of normal individuals showed decade-wise decline (2.7 ± 0.29 μl/min, 2.6 ± 0.39 μl/min, 2.3 ± 0.6 μl/min, 1.9 ± 0.95 μl/min) with similar trend for the number of secreting MSG openings (38.7, 37.2, 30, 22). The mean OSDI score was 45.3 in SJS and 28.2 in SS group. Thirty eyes in each SS and SJS group had mean Schirmer I value of 1.5 ± 2.2 mm and 5.1 ± 4.4 mm. The mean lower labial salivary flow rate in SS group was 0.5 ± 0.28 μl/min, and 2.0 ± 0.95 μl/min in SJS group. When compared to normal, SS patients had a significant reduction in the flow rate (p less then .00001); however, it was not significant for the SJS group (p = .28). The mean number of secreting MSG openings was reduced in both the groups compared to normal (SJS, 20.5; p = .01 and SS, 12; p less then .0001). There was a significant difference between SS and SJS groups in terms of flow rate (p less then .00001) and number of MSG openings (p = .001). The MSG flow rate and Schirmer values did not show any correlation in SS or SJS patients.Conclusion The fluorescein-assisted evaluation of the lower lip can be used as a quantitative method for measuring the labial salivary flow rate in SS and SJS patients.Intrusive mental images associated with autobiographical memories or depicting imagined scenes are common in psychological disorders. Although there is a growing body of literature on their contribution to psychopathology and their role in therapy, to date there have been limited attempts to categorise the different types of images that patients experience. In this article, we present a taxonomy which ranges from veridical to non-veridical intrusive images. We highlight the fact that many types of images consist of a blend of veridical and imagined details. After presenting some of the main explanations for the existence of blended and non-veridical images, we reflect on what the evidence on the content and origin of intrusive images tells us about the nature of human memory. We argue that it supports the idea of memory being constructive and briefly discuss what this means for clinical and non-clinical settings in which intrusive images have to be evaluated and used.