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Today, significant advances in phytochemical and biological activity studies of different Ferulago species have been revealed. The traditional uses and reported biological results could be correlated via the chemical characterization of these plants. All these data will support the biologists in the elucidation of the biological mechanisms of these plants.

Today, significant advances in phytochemical and biological activity studies of different Ferulago species have been revealed. The traditional uses and reported biological results could be correlated via the chemical characterization of these plants. All these data will support the biologists in the elucidation of the biological mechanisms of these plants.

To investigate whether the inhibitions of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR) kinases by their specific inhibitors, KU-55933 and VE-821, respectively, are able to promote the cytotoxic activity of genotoxic agents including gemcitabine, 5-Fluorouracil, cisplatin and doxorubicin, in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and immortalized cholangiocyte cell lines.

Cell viability of cells treated with DNA damaging agents, alone and in combination with KU-55933 and VE-821, was determined by MTT assay. The changes of cell cycle distribution were evaluated by flow cytometry analysis. Colony formation was conducted to assess the effects of KU-55933 and VE-821 on cell proliferation. The levels of protein expression and phosphorylation were examined by western blot analysis.

The cytotoxic effects of DNA damaging agents varied among CCA cell lines. Each DNA damaging drug induced different phases of the cell cycle in CCA cells. The combinations of both KU-55933 and VE-821 with DNA damaging agents promoted more cytotoxic activity than single inhibition in some CCA cell lines. ATM and ATR inhibitors decreased the effects of DNA damaging agent-induced ATM-Chk2 and ATR-Chk1 activations in CCA cells.

Inhibitions of ATM and ATR potentiated the cytotoxic effects of DNA damaging agents in CCA cells, especially p53 defective HuCCA1 and RMCC1 cell lines.

Inhibitions of ATM and ATR potentiated the cytotoxic effects of DNA damaging agents in CCA cells, especially p53 defective HuCCA1 and RMCC1 cell lines.

Inflammation widely exists in many diseases and poses a great threat to human and animal health. Rutin, quercetin-3-rhamnosyl glucoside, has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer and radioresistance effects. The current study focused on evaluation of its anti-inflammatory activity and described the mechanism of rutin in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells.

The related gene and protein expression levels were investigated by quantification real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively.

This study revealed that rutin can decrease inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene and protein expression levels, effectively increase IκB gene expression, reduce toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and p65 gene expression and inhibit the phosphorylation of IκB and p65 and the proteins expression of TLR4, MyD88 and TRAF6.

These results suggest that rutin might exert anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and will be potentially useful as an adjuvant treatment for inflammatory diseases.

These results suggest that rutin might exert anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and will be potentially useful as an adjuvant treatment for inflammatory diseases.

The erythrinan alkaloids erythravine and 11α-hydroxy-erythravine from Erythrina verna (Vell.) have been extensively investigated for their anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects. Both are structurally similar to the erythrartine that also exhibit anxiolytic effects, but there is no report on its anticonvulsant potential. Since some anxiolytic drugs can be useful in the management of epileptic seizures, we investigated whether erythrartine could prevent seizures induced by different chemoconvulsants.

Experiments were performed using different concentrations of erythrartine injected via intracerebroventricular in rats submitted to pilocarpine, kainic acid, pentylenetetrazol or picrotoxin-induced seizures. Moreover, the rotarod test was performed to verify the effects of erythrartine on animal motor coordination.

Our data showed for the first time that erythrartine prevented the occurrence of seizures induced by all of the chemoconvulsants tested and did not affect locomotor performance neither produced sedative effect on animals.

Obtained results validate the ethnopharmacological significance of E. verna and provide new information on erythrartine, another erythrinian alkaloid of biotechnological and medicinal interest.

Obtained results validate the ethnopharmacological significance of E. verna and provide new information on erythrartine, another erythrinian alkaloid of biotechnological and medicinal interest.

The effects of a root extract of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides on neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglia stimulated with LPS and hemozoin were investigated.

ELISA, enzyme immunoassay and Griess assay were used to evaluate levels of cytokines, PGE2 and NO in culture supernatants, respectively. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity was evaluated using a BV-2 microglia-HT-22 neuron transwell co-culture.

Treatment with Z. zanthoxyloides caused reduced elevated levels of TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, NO and PGE2, while increasing the levels of IL-10. In addition, there were reduced levels of iNOS and COX-2 proteins. This was accompanied by a prevention of microglia-mediated damage to HT-22 mouse hippocampal neurons. this website Z. zanthoxyloides reduced elevated levels of phospho-IκB and phospho-p65, while preventing degradation of IκB protein and DNA binding of p65. Further mechanistic studies revealed that Z. zanthoxyloides reduced the levels of pro-IL-1β and IL-1β in hemozoin-activated BV-2 microglia. This was accompanied by a reduction in caspase-1 activity and NLRP3 protein expression. Bioassay-guided fractionation resulted in the isolation of skimmianine as an anti-inflammatory compound in Z. zanthoxyloides.

This is the first report showing the inhibition of neuroinflammation in LPS- and hemozoin-activated BV-2 microglia by the root extract of Z. zanthoxyloides by targeting the activation of both NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome.

This is the first report showing the inhibition of neuroinflammation in LPS- and hemozoin-activated BV-2 microglia by the root extract of Z. zanthoxyloides by targeting the activation of both NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome.