Karlsentrolle7244

2% and 2.16%, respectively. This study estimated that smoking caused 846 123 excess deaths, 2.9 million years of life lost (0.40%), 41.6 million QALYs lost (5.9%) and 15.6 million PALYs lost (2.3%). The total cost of productivity loss due to smoking amounted to US$183.7 billion among the working-age population followed up until retirement. Healthcare cost was predicted to be US$1.8 trillion. Over a 1-year time horizon, US$10.2 billion was lost in GDP and 117 billion was lost in healthcare costs.

Smoking imposes significant health and economic burden in Indonesia. The findings stress the importance of developing effective tobacco control strategies at the macro and micro levels, which would benefit the country both in terms of health and wealth.

Smoking imposes significant health and economic burden in Indonesia. The findings stress the importance of developing effective tobacco control strategies at the macro and micro levels, which would benefit the country both in terms of health and wealth.

A novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for a worldwide pandemic. Children typically have very mild, or no, symptoms of infection. This makes estimations of seroprevalence in children difficult. Research is therefore required to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children. BKM120 in vivo The primary objective of this study is to report the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and/or IgG antibodies in healthy children at baseline, 2 months and 6 months. This is the only longitudinal UK study of seroprevalence in an exclusively paediatric population. Determining the changing seroprevalence is of vital public health importance and can help inform decisions around the lifting of paediatric specific social distancing measures such as school closures and the cancellation of routine paediatric hospital services.

1000 healthy children of healthcare workers aged between 2 and 15 years will be recruited from five UK sites (Belfast, Cardiff, Glasgow, London and Manchester). The children will undergo phlebotomy at baseline, 2 months and 6 months to measure IgM and/or IgG positivity to SARS-CoV-2. A sample size of 675 patients is required to detect a 5% change in seroprevalence at each time point assuming an alpha of 0.05 and a beta of 0.2. Adjusted probabilities for the presence of IgG and/or IgM antibodies and of SARS-CoV-2 infection will be reported using logistic regression models where appropriate.

Ethical approval was obtained from the London - Chelsea Research Ethics Committee (REC Reference-20/HRA/1731) and the Belfast Health & Social Care Trust Research Governance (Reference 19147TW-SW). Results of this study will be made available as preprints and submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals.

NCT0434740; Results.

NCT0434740; Results.

Several working groups (eg, miners, flight crews and soldiers) are subjected to chronic intermittent hypoxic exposure. The cardiovascular implications have been studied but not systematically reviewed with focus on possible negative health implications. The aim of the present review was to systematically evaluate the hypothesis that intermittent hypoxic exposure causes cardiovascular stress detrimental to health in workers.

Systematic review.

Electronic database search of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science up to April 2020.

Studies of workers ≥18 years repeatedly subjected to months to years of irregular intermittent hypoxia, lasting from a few hours (eg, flight crews), one or a few days (eg, soldiers), or several days to weeks (eg, miners working at high altitude), written in English and evaluating the effect of intermittent hypoxia on cardiovascular disease were included. Animal studies, books, book chapters, personal communication and abstracts were excluded. The primary outcome measure was changes us and lifestyle appears of importance.

CRD42020171301.

CRD42020171301.

The objective of this study is to summarise and analyse the current literature about what progression criteria are applied in loading exercise programmes in lower limb tendinopathies and their evidence and effectiveness.

Systematic review.

PubMed, Embase, Scopus and PED

were searched from inception to 24 September 2020. The inclusion criteria were randomised controlled trials that included patients with midportion Achilles, patellar or gluteal tendinopathy; assessed function, pain or performance; included at least one group where progressive physical exercise was administered as monotherapy; included at least a control group. We excluded studies that included subjects with previous tendon surgical treatment; studies with control group that conducted a supplemented modality of the exercise performed in the intervention group. A narrative synthesis was conducted. Cohen's d and the percentage of change of main clinical and performance outcomes were obtained. Methodological quality was assessed using the ondary criterion.

CRD42018110997.

CRD42018110997.

A major issue in Japan's health policy is the geographical maldistribution of physicians. This study aimed to analyse temporal trends in the geographical distribution of physicians and analyse physicians in high and intermediate physician density areas and factors related to their movement to low physician density areas in Japan.

A longitudinal study.

All physicians in 344 secondary medical districts.

I analysed data from the biennial national census, conducted by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare between 1996 and 2016 and and divided it into two cohorts of 10 years each 1996-2006 and 2006-2016.

I estimated the temporal trends in the number and percentages of physicians, and used logistic regression to analyse physicians in high and intermediate physician density areas and the factors related to their movement to low physician density areas.

The overall number of Japanese doctors increased by 31% between 1996 and 2016. The number of physicians per population in the physician high-density in low physician density areas, especially for less-experienced physicians, a new system that considers these factors would create opportunities for younger physicians to work in low-density areas.