Fultonbass3986

Copper-64 is a very attractive radioisotope with unique nuclear properties that allow using it as both a diagnostic and therapeutic agent, thus providing an almost ideal example of a theranostic radionuclide. A characteristic of Cu-64 stems from the intrinsic biological nature of copper ions that play a fundamental role in a large number of cellular processes. Cu-64 is a radionuclide that reflects the natural biochemical pathways of Cu-64 ions, therefore, can be exploited for the detection and therapy of certain malignancies and metabolic diseases. Beside these applications of Cu-64 ions, this radionuclide can be also used for radiolabelling bifunctional chelators carrying a variety of pharmacophores for targeting different biological substrates. Bromelain These include peptide-based substrates and immunoconjugates as well as small-molecule bioactive moieties. Fueled by the growing interest of Member States (MS) belonging to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) community, a dedicated Coordinated Research Project (CRP) was initiated in 2016, which recruited thirteen participating MS from four continents. Research activities and collaborations between the participating countries allowed for collection of an impressive series of results, particularly on the production, preclinical evaluation and, in a few cases, clinical evaluation of various 64Cu-radiopharmaceuticals that may have potential impact on future development of the field. Since this CRP was finalized at the beginning of 2020, this short review summarizes outcomes, outputs and results of this project with the purpose to propagate to other MS and to the whole scientific community, some of the most recent achievements on this novel class of theranostic 64Cu-pharmaceuticals.Along with other novel metallic radionuclides, copper-64 (64Cu) is currently being investigated as an alternative option to the gallium-68 (68Ga) and lutetium-177 (177Lu) radiopharmaceuticals widely used for targeting somatostatin receptors, expressed by neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), and recently prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), expressed by prostate cancer cells. This interest is mostly driven by the peculiar nuclear properties of 64Cu that make it an almost ideal example of theranostic radionuclide. In fact, 64Cu emits both low-energy positrons, β- particles and a swarm of Auger electrons. This combination of different emissions may allow to collect high-resolution PET images, but also to use the same radiopharmaceutical for eliciting a therapeutic effect. Another unique behavior of 64Cu originates from the fundamental biological role played in organisms by the ionic forms of the copper element, which is naturally involved in a multitude of cellular processes including cell replication. These intrinsic biological characteristics has led to the discovery that 64Cu, under its simplest dicationic form Cu2+, is able to specifically target a variety of cancerous cells and to detect the onset of a metastatic process in its initial stage. This short review reports an outline of the status of 64Cu radiopharmaceuticals and of the most relevant results that are constantly disclosed by preclinical and investigational clinical studies.

The most common and aggressive primary malignancy of the central nervous system is Glioblastoma that, as a wide range of malignant solid tumor, is characterized by extensive hypoxic regions. A great number of PET radiopharmaceuticals have been developed for the identification of hypoxia in solid tumors, among these, we find copper-based tracers. The aim of the current review paper was to provide an overview of radiocopper compounds applied for preclinical and clinical research in brain tumors and hypoxia imaging or therapy.

Copper offers a wide variety of isotopes, useful for nuclear medicine applications, but only

Cu and

Cu are under the spotlight of the scientific community since being good candidates for theranostic applications. Between the two,

Cu availability and production cost have attracted more interest of the scientific community.

In order to better understand the application of copper-bis thiosemicarbazones in hypoxia imaging, an overview of the role of hypoxia in cancer, existing non-imaging and imaging techniques for hypoxia identification and promising future avenues regarding hypoxia is necessary. Different proposed uptake mechanisms of [

Cu][Cu(ATSM)] inside the cell will be discussed and other

Cu-based tracers for brain tumors described.

Among radio copper compounds [

Cu][Cu(ATSM)] is the most studied radiopharmaceutical for imaging and treatment of brain tumors. Experimental evidence suggested that [

Cu][Cu(ATSM)] could be more appropriately considered as a marker of over-reduced intracellular state rather than a pure hypoxia agent. Moreover, preliminary clinical data suggested that [

Cu]CuCl<inf>2</inf> can be a potentially useful diagnostic agent for malignancies of the central nervous system (CNS).

can be a potentially useful diagnostic agent for malignancies of the central nervous system (CNS).Nursing requires a complex set of skills encompassing professional clinical judgment, values and attitudes. In order to outline the future career path of the specialist nurse, the European Federation of Nurses Association compared the EU Directive 2013/55/EU with the Competency Framework, an important document on guidelines written by a group of experts and focusing on the recognition of nurses' educational requirements. The aim of our research is to identify the special skill set required from nurses on haemodialysis wards through the development of an exploratory survey and the comparison of its results with the EFN guidelines and the Directive 2013/55/EU. The survey was conducted across eighteen dialysis centers in Tuscany. Through focus groups, debates and reflections, 28 skills were identified as pertaining exclusively to nurses working with haemodialysis patients. This preliminary study aims at demonstrating the need to define and recognize these specialist skills in order to ensure an effective and integrated nursing leadership in disease management.