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lterations in our cohort were missense mutations associated with differentiated predominant histological subtypes and immunohistochemical SMARCA4/BRG1 and TTF-1 positive status.This article is devoted to a review of studies on the determination of trace elements in germanium and germanium dioxide. For this purpose, methods both with and without preliminary matrix separation procedure have been developed and applied. The advantage of methods without a matrix separation procedure is simple and fast sample preparation, since it does not require specific devices or installations. On the other hand, the limits of detection (LODs) of trace elements remain relatively high, and the germanium matrix effect occurs when attempts are made to lower them. Since germanium and germanium dioxide are currently among the purest substances, the purest germanium containing trace elements at the level of pg g-1 are used for producing nuclear radiation detectors. Therefore, to achieve low LODs for trace elements, a matrix separation procedure is conducted. Another positive point is that preliminary germanium separation leads to a decrease in the matrix effect. In the article the matrix separation procedure performed by various methods is considered. These procedures can be classified into open, closed or flow kinds, depending on the type of installation. Germanium is usually separated in the form of tetrahalide, most commonly, tetrachloride. For the determination of trace elements in germanium and germanium dioxide, single element methods (atomic absorption spectrometry) and multielement methods (atomic emission spectrometry, mass-spectrometry, neutron activation analysis) are used. In this article, these methods are compared in terms of the number of elements determined and the LODs.In this work, we developed and optimized a method for the analysis of PAHs and nitro-PAHs in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) samples by using thermal desorption gas chromatography coupled with electron ionization single quadrupole mass spectrometry (TD-GC-(EI)-MS). The method uses thermal desorption from a PM on a filter sample as means of sample introduction to a column and obviates the need for complex extraction procedures, which are time-consuming and require environmentally unfriendly solvents. Moreover, the possibility of systematic errors is minimized and a significantly smaller amount of sample is required compared to traditional techniques requiring a pre-extraction step (approx. 10-times). Thirteen PAHs and three nitro-PAHs were used during method development. Although Tenax cartridges are typically used to capture volatile pollutants from the air, we found that glass-wool liner is the most suitable trap for the examined analytes after desorption from a quartz filter. Among the various instrument parameters which were tested and optimized, TD desorption flow and hold time, and temperature of the cooled injection system (CIS) proved to be most critical. We also found out that the matrix effect is especially pronounced in the case of high PM loadings, which should be kept in mind when planning the analysis. After the optimization, standard reference materials (ERM-CZ100 and NIST 1648a) were used for partial method validation and finally, real PM10 and PM2.5 samples from two Slovenian cities were successfully analyzed.The development and application of portable and user-friendly biosensing technology for rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria are essential for human and environmental care. In this work, based on the phenomenon that the filter membrane can selectively separate MnO2 nanosheets (MnO2 NSs) and Mn2+, a novel label-free sensing platform was developed to detect the Escherichia coli (E. coli) using β-galactosidase (β-Gal) as a marker. MnO2 NSs were utilized as a dual-mode signal molecule of smartphone-based colorimetric analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). β-Gal can catalyze the 4-Aminophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside (PAPG) to produce p-aminophenol (PAP), which could reduce MnO2 NSs to Mn2+. After selective separation of MnO2 NSs and Mn2+ by the filter, colorimetric detection was achieved with a smartphone by identifying the RGB value of the MnO2 NSs coated membrane, while the Mn2+ in the filtrate was detected by ICP-MS. Under optimal conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) of E. selleck chemicals llc coli by smartphone-based RGB analysis and ICP-MS were 5.6 × 103 CFU mL-1 and 35 CFU mL-1, respectively. This method was successfully used for E. coli assay in meat, vegetables, and fruit samples with the advantages of sensitivity, simplicity, and short incubation time (within 1 h).The groundwater environment often undergoes the transition from anoxic to oxic due to natural processes or human activities, but the influence of this transition on the fate of groundwater contaminates are not entirely understood. In this work, the degradation of tribromophenol (TBP) in the presence of environmentally relevant iron (oxyhydr)oxides (green rust, GR) and trace metal ions Cu(II) under anoxic/oxic-alternating conditions was investigated. Under anoxic conditions, GR-Cu(II) reduced TBP to 4-BP completely within 7 h while GR only had an adsorption effect on TBP. Under oxic conditions, GR-Cu(II) could generate •OH via dioxygen activation, which resulted in the oxidative transformation of TBP. Sixty-five percentage of TBP mineralization was achieved via a sequential reduction-oxidation process, which was not achieved through single reduction or oxidation process. The produced Cu(I) in GR-Cu(II) enhanced not only the reductive dehalogenation under anoxic conditions, but also the O2 activation under oxic conditions. Thus, the fate of TBP in anoxic/oxic-alternating groundwater environment is greatly influenced by the presence of GR-Cu(II). The sequential reduction-oxidation degradation of TBP by GR-Cu(II) is promising for future remediation of TBP-contaminated groundwater.This work systematically examined the capability of ferrate (Fe(VI)) for ammonia oxidation, revealing for the first time that bromide ions (Br-) played an important role in promoting the removal of ammonia in Fe(VI) system. In the presence of 10.0 mM Br-, the removal efficiency of ammonia was nearly 3.4 times that of the control, and 1.0 mM ammonia was almost completely removed after two rounds addition of 1.0 mM Fe(VI) in 60 min. PMSO probe test, electron paramagnetic resonance spectra and radical quenching experiments were employed to interpret the underlying promotion mechanism of Br-, and it was proposed that the formation of active bromine (HOBr/OBr-) played a dominant role in the enhanced oxidative removal of ammonia by Fe(VI). Further kinetic model simulations revealed that HOBr/OBr- and Fe(VI) were the two major reactive species in Fe(VI)/Br- system, accounting for 66.7% and 33.0% of ammonia removal, respectively. As the target contaminant, ammonia could quickly consume the generated HOBr/OBr-, thereby suppressing the formation of brominated disinfection byproducts. Finally, NO3- was identified as the dominant transformation product of ammonia, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that six reaction stages were involved in ammonia oxidation with the first step as the rate-limiting step. This work would enable the full use of coexisting bromides for effective removal of ammonia from natural waters or wastewaters by in situ Fe(VI) oxidation method.Recent research underpinned the effectiveness of topological decentralization for urban stormwater networks (USNs) during the planning stage in terms of both capital savings and resilience enhancement. However, how centralized and decentralized USNs' structures with various degrees of redundancy (i.e., redundant water flow pathways) project resilience under functional and structural failure remains an unresolved issue. In this work, we present a systemic and generic framework to investigate the impact of adding redundant flow paths on resilience based on three strategies for optimal centralized versus decentralized USNs. Furthermore, a tailored graph-theory based measure (i.e., eigenvector centrality) is proposed to introduce redundant paths to the critical locations of USNs. The proposed framework is then applied to a real large-scale case study. The results confirm the critical role of layout decentralization under both functional (e.g., extreme precipitation events), and structural failure (e.g., pipe collapse). Moreover, the findings indicate that the implementation of redundant paths could increase resilience performance by up to 8% under functional failure without changing the network's major structural characteristics (i.e., sewer diameters, lengths, and storage capacity), only by leveraging the effective flow redistribution. The scheme proposed in this study can be a fruitful initiative for further improving the USNs' resilience during both planning and rehabilitation stages.The reactive nitrogen (N) emitted from continents significantly perturbs the pristine N cycle around the land-ocean boundary resulting in eutrophication and hypoxia. As nutrients are transported downstream through an estuary, various types of biological processes co-occur to modulate nitrogen speciation to influence the biogeochemical habitats for downstream microorganisms. We surveyed the Pearl River Estuary to examine the N transfer dynamics among nitrogen species with considering process-specific oxygen production and consumption. By using 15N pulse-tracing techniques, we measured ammonia oxidation and uptakes of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate simultaneously under dark and light conditions in parallel. Light strongly inhibited nitrification but enhanced N uptake, and such light effect was further considered in the calculation for nitrogen transformation rates over a diel cycle. We found both oxidation and uptake of ammonium decreased seaward as substrate decreased. The nitrifier and phytoplankton work in antiphase to draw down incoming ammonium rapidly. Contrary to ammonium uptake, uptake of nitrite and nitrate showed a seaward increasing pattern. Such an inverse spatial pattern implies a shift in N preference for phytoplankton. Such high ammonium preference inhibits nitrate/nitrite uptake allowing them to behave conservatively in the estuary and to travel farther to outer estuary. By integrating oxygen consumption and production induced by N transformation processes over the diel cycle, oxygen was produced although allochthonous ammonium input is high (∼250 μM). For most stations, ammonium was completely consumed within 2 days, some stations even less than 0.5 days, implying that although the water residence time is short (2-15 days), tremendous input of ammonium N from upstream was transformed into particulate organic or nitrate forms during traveling to modulate the biogeochemical niche, including substrate, organics and oxygen, of coastal microbes in water column and sediments.Microplastics (MPs) are increasingly entering the urban aquatic ecosystems, and the environmental significance and health risks of plastisphere, a special biofilm on MPs, have received widespread attention. In this study, MPs of polylactic acid (PLA) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and quartzite were incubated in an urban water environment, and the tetracycline (TC) degradation ability was compared. Approximatedly 24% of TC biodegraded in 28 d in the water-quartzite system, which is significantly higher than that in the water-PLA (17.3%) and water-PVC systems (16.7%). Re-incubation of microorganisms in biofilms affirmed that quartzite biofilm has a higher TC degradation capacity than the plastisphere. According to high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and metagenomic analysis, quartzite biofilm contained more abundant potential TC degrading bacteria, genes related to TC degradation (eutG, aceE, and DLAT), and metabolic pathways related to TC degradation. An oligotrophic environment on the quartzite surface might lead to the higher metabolic capacity of quartzite biofilm for unconventional carbons, e.