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Contrary to expectations, glasshouse trials showed P. marginata to preferentially oviposit on the invasive allododecaploid S. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/loxo-292.html anglica, on which it achieved earlier egg hatch, faster nymphal development, larger female body size and greatest final population size. We suggest P. marginata is in the process of rapid adaptation to maximise its performance on what is now the most abundant and widespread host in Britain. The diversity of novel and re-established interactions of the herbivore with this multi-ploidy complex makes this a highly valuable system for the study of the evolutionary ecology of plant-insect interactions and their influence on invasion dynamics.The role of executive functions in supporting the pragmatics of communication has been extensively examined in clinical populations, but is still under-explored in healthy aging. In this study we addressed the role of executive skills, including inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, in older adults' communicative-pragmatic abilities. Pragmatics was extensively assessed by measuring the understanding of figurative language, narrative texts, humor, and implicatures. A hierarchical regression analysis using composite scores evidenced a global effect of executive functions on communicative-pragmatic abilities, beyond demographic and theory of mind aspects. More fine-grained analyses showed that working memory was the strongest predictor of all pragmatic tasks. Specifically, comprehending narratives and humor seemed to capitalize primarily upon working memory, whereas figurative language and implicatures relied on working memory and to some extent cognitive flexibility. Conversely, inhibition did not stand out as a robust predictor of pragmatics. We argue that working memory allows for the simultaneous consideration of multiple pieces of information needed for pragmatic inferencing, and that only once working memory has played its role other executive aspects, such as cognitive flexibility and inhibition, might come into play. Overall, this study highlights the diverse role of executive skills in pragmatics in aging, and more generally contributes to shed light on pragmatic competence in older adults.Studies of the structural and functional role of chromosomes in cytogenetics have spanned more than 10 decades. In this work, we take advantage of the coherent X-rays available at the latest synchrotron sources to extract the individual masses of all 46 chromosomes of metaphase human B and T cells using hard X-ray ptychography. We have produced 'X-ray karyotypes' of both heavy metal-stained and unstained spreads to determine the gain or loss of genetic material upon low-level X-ray irradiation doses due to radiation damage. The experiments were performed at the I-13 beamline, Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK, using the phase-sensitive X-ray ptychography method.Here, we report a rare case of intrahepatic sarcomatoid cholangiocarcinoma that expressed granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). An 87-year-old man who presented with a continuous high-grade fever and cough over two weeks, and increased inflammatory response was admitted to our hospital. Laboratory tests revealed marked granulocytosis and high serum levels of G-CSF and interlukin-6. Imaging studies showed a huge liver mass in his right lobe and intrahepatic metastasis. He died of progressive disease. Pathological findings of the primary liver tumor at autopsy showed sarcomatous change; the specimen was positive for cytokeratins (AE1/AE3, cytokeratin-7, cytokeratin-19) and G-CSF. Few cases of G-CSF-producing intrahepatic sarcomatoid cholangiocarcinoma have been reported.A 31-year-old man with Crohn's disease in remission after 6-year treatment with infliximab developed nasopharyngeal diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Infliximab was discontinued, and complete remission was achieved following chemotherapy with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone. However, the patient subsequently experienced severely symptomatic Crohn's disease relapse. Therapy with adalimumab was initiated, and the patient attained remission. However, after 3 months, he suffered a recurrence of the lymphoma. Adalimumab was discontinued, and the patient received further chemotherapy (with rituximab, etoposide, cisplatin, methylprednisolone, and high-dose cytarabine) treatment and underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Following the procedure, Crohn's disease and lymphoma have remained in complete remission for 5 years. There are limited reports on Crohn's disease remission after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Therefore, we present this case report and a review of the existing literature on allogeneic stem cell transplantation for Crohn's disease.Acute diverticulitis is one of the leading gastrointestinal causes for hospitalization. The incidence of acute diverticulitis has been increasing in recent years, especially in patients under 50 years old. Historically, acute diverticulitis in younger patients was felt to represent a separate entity, being more virulent and associated with a higher rate of recurrence. Accordingly, young patients were often managed differently to older counterparts. Our understanding of the natural history of this condition has evolved, and current clinical practice guidelines suggest age should not alter management. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the changing epidemiology of acute diverticulitis, consider potential explanations for the observed increased incidence in younger patients, as well as review the natural history of acute diverticulitis in the younger population.The growth in knowledge of the pathogenesis, molecular background, and immunohistochemical profile of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) has led not only to an increased awareness of these diseases but also to several changes of the nomenclature. In particular, the concept and terminology of high-grade (grade 3) NENs and mixed neoplasms have changed considerably over the last 20 years, creating some confusion among pathologists and clinicians. The aim of this review is to elucidate the diagnostic criteria, including the most important differential diagnoses of high-grade NENs and mixed neuroendocrine/non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs). The role of the Ki67 labelling index and morphology, used to define grade 3 NENs of the digestive system and lungs, is also discussed. The evolution of the concepts and terminology of MiNENs is revised, including the most important differential diagnoses.