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Significance.Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) by quasistatic electromagnetic means is presently comprised of two methods magnetic induction methods (transcranial magnetic perturbation or TMP) and electrical contact methods (transcranial electric perturbation or TEP). Both methods couple to neuronal systems by means of the electric fields they produce. Both methods are necessarily accompanied by a scalp electric field which is of greater magnitude than anywhere within the brain. A scalp electric field of sufficient magnitude may produce deleterious effects including peripheral nerve stimulation and heating which consequently limit the spatial and temporal characteristics of the brain electric field. Presently the electromagnetic NIBS literature has produced an accurate but non-generalized understanding of the differences between the TEP and TMP methods.Objective.The aim of this work is to contribute a generalized understanding of the differences between the two methods which may open doors to novel TEP or TMP methods and translating advances, when possible, between the two methods.Approach.This article employs a three shell spherical conductor head model to calculate general analytical results showing the relationship between the spatial scale of the brain electric fields and (1) the scalp-to-brain mean-squared electric field ratio for the two methods and (2) TEP-to-TMP scalp mean-squared electric field ratio for similar electric fields at depth.Main results.The most general result given is an asymptotic limit to the TEP-to-TMP ratio of scalp mean-squared electric fields for similar electric fields at depth. Specific example calculations for these ratios are also given for typical TEP electrode and TMP coil configurations. While TMP has favorable mean-squared electric field ratios compared to TEP this advantage comes at an energetic cost which is briefly elucidated in this work.Magnonics is a budding research field in nanomagnetism and nanoscience that addresses the use of spin waves (magnons) to transmit, store, and process information. The rapid advancements of this field during last one decade in terms of upsurge in research papers, review articles, citations, proposals of devices as well as introduction of new sub-topics prompted us to present the first roadmap on magnonics. This is a collection of 22 sections written by leading experts in this field who review and discuss the current status besides presenting their vision of future perspectives. Today, the principal challenges in applied magnonics are the excitation of sub-100 nm wavelength magnons, their manipulation on the nanoscale and the creation of sub-micrometre devices using low-Gilbert damping magnetic materials and its interconnections to standard electronics. To this end, magnonics offers lower energy consumption, easier integrability and compatibility with CMOS structure, reprogrammability, shorter wavelength, smaller device features, anisotropic properties, negative group velocity, non-reciprocity and efficient tunability by various external stimuli to name a few. GLPG3970 cost Hence, despite being a young research field, magnonics has come a long way since its early inception. This roadmap asserts a milestone for future emerging research directions in magnonics, and hopefully, it will inspire a series of exciting new articles on the same topic in the coming years.Purpose.To estimate Type B uncertainties in absorbed-dose calculations arising from the different implementations in current state-of-the-art Monte Carlo (MC) codes of low-energy photon cross-sections ( less then 200 keV).Methods.MC simulations are carried out using three codes widely used in the low-energy domain PENELOPE-2018, EGSnrc, and MCNP. Three dosimetry-relevant quantities are considered mass energy-absorption coefficients for water, air, graphite, and their respective ratios; absorbed dose; and photon-fluence spectra. The absorbed dose and the photon-fluence spectra are scored in a spherical water phantom of 15 cm radius. Benchmark simulations using similar cross-sections have been performed. The differences observed between these quantities when different cross-sections are considered are taken to be a good estimator for the corresponding Type B uncertainties.Results.A conservative Type B uncertainty for the absorbed dose (k = 2) of 1.2%-1.7% ( less then 50 keV), 0.6%-1.2% (50-100 keV), and 0.3% (1 the values reported here should be accommodated within the uncertainty budget in low-energy photon dosimetry studies.We present our work on the rapid hydrothermal synthesis of highly crystalline 2D SnS nanostructures. An innovative idea is used in which thioglycolic acid is the sulfur precursor source. Structural studies indicate the material has grown in a single-phase orthorhombic structure. The single-phase formation of the material is also confirmed from the rietveld refinement of the experimental XRD data and by raman spectroscopic analysis. Morphological studies show the formation of 2D sheets having thickness in the nanoscale (100-150 nm) dimensions. Optical absorbance studies show the material is visible-light active exhibiting an indirect bandgap of 1.1 eV and direct band gap ∼1.7 eV. Density functional theory calculations support the experimental bandgap results. Photocatalytic activity of the nanosheets was investigated against methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB) and methyl orange (MO) dyes employing a solar simulator as the source of photons (light source). The nanosheets were found to photodegrade 80% of MB, 77% of RhB and 60% of MO in 120 min of light illumination. Reusability and post catalytic properties affirm the durability and stability of the nanosheets, which is very important in the context of waste water treatment considering the toxic nature of the effluents from dye industries.Conventional 4DCBCT captures 1320 projections across 4 min. Adaptive 4DCBCT has been developed to reduce imaging dose and scan time. This study investigated reconstruction algorithms that best complement adaptive 4DCBCT acquisition for reducing imaging dose and scan time whilst maintaining or improving image quality compared to conventional 4DCBCT acquisition using real patient data from the first 10 adaptive 4DCBCT patients. Adaptive 4DCBCT was implemented in the ADaptive CT Acquisition for Personalized Thoracic imaging clinical trial. Adaptive 4DCBCT modulates gantry rotation speed and kV acquisition rate in response to the patient's real-time respiratory signal, ensuring even angular spacing between projections at each respiratory phase. We examined the first 10 lung cancer radiotherapy patients that received adaptive 4DCBCT. Fast, 200-projection scans over 60-80 s, and slower, 600-projection scans over ∼240 s, were obtained after routine patient treatment and compared against conventional 4DCBCT acquisition.