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The histopathological examination showed necrotic and degenerative changes in the hepatic tissue, while immunohistochemical analysis revealed marked hepatic expression of activated Bax, and bcl-2, following CCL4 injection. TT pretreatment significantly improved all examined parameters and restored the hepatic architecture. The current study illustrated that TT effectively alleviates hepatic oxidative damage, apoptosis, and inflammation, induced by acute CCL4 intoxication. In this manner, TT has promising cytoprotective powers against hepatotoxicity induced by CCL4.Restoration and water quality improvement of malodorous as well as slightly polluted rivers have been the global focus for environmental protection research and the development and construction of sponge cities. To date, constructed wetlands have been proven to be one of efficient methods to improve water quality. Nitrogen removal efficiency is a crucial indicator for the performance evaluation in slightly polluted river water treatment. Therefore, current study aimed to investigate the N removal efficiency of 3-stage surface flow constructed wetlands for water treatment. Results show that after a prolonged operation period, constructed wetlands were able to remove NH4+-N, NO3--N, and TN by 38.4%, 22.3%, and 29.1%, respectively. Further investigations were carried out to investigate the removal efficiency of various N species in the 3-stage wetlands. Findings reveal that NH4+-N was mainly treated in wetland #1 (W1) and wetland #2 (W2), while NO3--N and TN were in wetland #2 (W2) and wetland #3 (W3). Results also reveal that the influencing factors such as hydraulic retention time (HRT), water temperature (WT), and additional carbon source have significant effect on the removal performance of constructed wetlands.Effective identification of the risks of grassland circulation is an important prerequisite for improving the management of the grassland rental market. In this study, the potential risks in the game among the subjects of grassland transfer are analyzed through the lens of repeated game theory. With the help of interpretive structural modeling, we analyze the relationships and hierarchy among the risk factors in grassland circulation. We find that social, economic, and ecological risks are the main potential risks of grassland circulation, and there are strong correlations among risk factors. A risk hierarchy analysis shows that social risk is at the upper level, economic risk is at the middle level, ecological risk is at the bottom level, and there are cross-layer effects among the various risk levels. Contract risk, social security risk, and wealth gap risk are the core risk factors that trigger the risks associated with grassland transfer. Therefore, the first priority of the pasture manager (i.e., the government) should be to regulate the grassland circulation market and strengthen supervision and punishment of defaulting subjects. Second, a social security system in which the herdsmen and the government are both invested should be established. Third, the government should strengthen the construction of a "rule of law" system instead of "rule of man," to avoid the loss of government credibility caused by rent-seeking.Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are 2D nano-sheets where different M2+ and M3+ metal cations are uniformly distributed in Mg(OH)2 brucite-like sheets and various charge-compensating anions (An-) are present in their interlayer spaces. This work includes preparation of different SiO2@Ni/Cr mixed-metal layered nano-oxide-type catalysts by the calcination of SiO2@Ni-Cr LDH nano-composite-based alcogel coated over a honeycomb monolithic substrate and their use as a catalytic device for the study of catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) of CH4 both in the presence of O2 and in the presence of N2O under atmospheric pressure at different temperatures not exceeding 500 °C to study the effect of N2O on the CPO of CH4. It was observed that in the presence of O2 the yield of syngas (H2 + CO) did not exceed 90% whereas in the presence of N2O about 99.9% syngas (H2 + CO) was observed. The selectivity towards syngas production reached a maximum value when an optimal reaction condition was maintained at 11 CH4N2O mol ratio with a temperature of 500 °C. XPS analysis showed that a NiO-type compound formed on the decomposition of the LDH component after H2 treatment was reduced to disperse Ni0, which acted as an active catalytic species. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of catalytic partial oxidation of CH4 in the presence of N2O by SiO2@Ni-Cr-LDH-based mixed-metal nano-oxide.Plutella xylostella L. is a cosmopolitan pest of wild and cultivated crucifer vegetables worldwide. It has developed resistance to almost all commercial chemicals, making them one of the most problematic field pests in China. The natural plant extracts and essential oils (EOs) could be a safe alternative for agricultural pests. The development and production of EOs decrease the negative effects of synthetic chemicals. In the present study, the fumigation activity of 8 pure monoterpenes against P. xylostella was evaluated. Results from fumigation tests revealed that 8 tested compounds exhibited various degrees of toxicity against adults of the diamondback moth. selleck inhibitor Cuminaldehyde was the most toxic compound based on the 12-h LC50 (0.17 mg/L) and 24-h LC50 (0.12 mg/L) values, respectively. Also for larvae and eggs, cuminaldehyde was the most toxic compound. The 12-h LC50 value for cuminaldehyde to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd instar larvae was 0.10 mg/L, 0.12 mg/L, and 0.55 mg/L, respectively. The 24-h LC50 value for the different instar larvae was 0.07 mg/L, 0.09 mg/L, and 0.35 mg/L, respectively. The 24-h LC50 value for eggs (endpoint hatching rate) was 1.95 mg/L for cuminaldehyde, followed by carvacrol and eugenol (2.05 mg/L and 2.31 mg/L, respectively). Cuminaldehyde was very friendly to the larvae and adults of Harmonia axyridis and did not cause any mortality. Our results indicated that cuminaldehyde had potential insecticidal activity against P. xylostella and could be utilized in the novel biological pesticide development.