Nielsenchapman0860

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Prospectively registered with PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42018091647).

Prospectively registered with PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42018091647).

Many articles published in the neurosurgical literature make claims of safety regarding interventions. The strength of evidence supporting these claims has not been systematically evaluated.

To evaluate the quality of evidence supporting claims of safety in the neurosurgery literature.

The 14 neurosurgical journals listed in the Web of Science database with the highest impact factors for 2018 were included in the study. The titles and abstracts of all the articles published in these journals in 2018 were searched for the word "safety" and reviewed by 2 independent observers to identify those making a claim of safety and assess their evidence.

The search identified 323 articles, representing 5% of the articles published in the 14 searched journals in 2018. Of these, 114 (1.8% of all articles and 35% of the identified articles) were judged to make a claim of safety of a neurosurgical intervention. A total of 98 (86%) of the 114 articles making a safety claim were retrospective cohort studies. Patient cohort sizes ranged from 1 to 1565 (median of 34), leading to wide variations in the CIs for estimated complication rates. No article made a statement of the assumptions underlying its claim of safety.

Almost no articles that make claims of safety for neurosurgical interventions explicitly state the (1) patient population, (2) comparison intervention, nor (3) specific outcomes. To assure that claims of safety are supported by high-quality evidence, authors should address these elements early and systematically when designing studies.

Almost no articles that make claims of safety for neurosurgical interventions explicitly state the (1) patient population, (2) comparison intervention, nor (3) specific outcomes. To assure that claims of safety are supported by high-quality evidence, authors should address these elements early and systematically when designing studies.

Widespread social distancing and lockdowns of everyday activity have been the primary policy prescription across many countries throughout the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. see more Despite their uniformity, these measures may be differentially valuable for different countries.

We use a compartmental epidemiological model to project the spread of COVID-19 across policy scenarios in high- and low-income countries. We embed estimates of the welfare value of disease avoidance into the epidemiological projections to estimate the return to more stringent lockdown policies.

Social distancing measures that 'flatten the curve' of the disease provide immense welfare value in upper-income countries. However, social distancing policies deliver significantly less value in lower-income countries that have younger populations, which are less vulnerable to COVID-19. Equally important, social distancing mandates a trade-off between disease risk and economic activity. Poorer people are less able to make those economic sacrifices.

The epidemiological and welfare value of social distancing is smaller in lower-income countries and such policies may exact a heavy toll on the poorest and most vulnerable. Workers in the informal sector often lack the resources and social protections that enable them to isolate themselves until the virus passes. By limiting these households' ability to earn a living, social distancing can lead to an increase in hunger, deprivation, and related mortality and morbidity.

The epidemiological and welfare value of social distancing is smaller in lower-income countries and such policies may exact a heavy toll on the poorest and most vulnerable. Workers in the informal sector often lack the resources and social protections that enable them to isolate themselves until the virus passes. By limiting these households' ability to earn a living, social distancing can lead to an increase in hunger, deprivation, and related mortality and morbidity.Bacteria-fungi interactions (BFIs) are essential in ecosystem functioning. These interactions are modulated not only by local nutritional conditions but also by the physicochemical constraints and 3D structure of the environmental niche. In soils, the unsaturated and complex nature of the substrate restricts the dispersal and activity of bacteria. Under unsaturated conditions, some bacteria engage with filamentous fungi in an interaction (fungal highways) in which they use fungal hyphae to disperse. Based on a previous experimental device to enrich pairs of organisms engaging in this interaction in soils, we present here the design and validation of a modified version of this sampling system constructed using additive printing. The 3D printed devices were tested using a novel application in which a target fungus, the common coprophilous fungus Coprinopsis cinerea, was used as bait to recruit and identify bacterial partners using its mycelium for dispersal. Bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas, Sphingobacterium and Stenotrophomonas were highly enriched in association with C. cinerea. Developing and producing these new easy-to-use tools to investigate how bacteria overcome dispersal limitations in cooperation with fungi is important to unravel the mechanisms by which BFIs affect processes at an ecosystem scale in soils and other unsaturated environments.Epigenetic marks or post-translational modifications on histones have important regulatory roles in gene expression in eukaryotic organisms. The epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus deneoformans remains largely undetermined. The YEATS domain proteins are readers of crotonylated lysine residues in histones. Here, we reported the identification of a single-copy gene putatively coding for a YEATS domain protein (Yst1) in C. deneoformans. To define its function, we created a mutant strain, yst1Δ, using CRISPR-Cas9 editing. yst1Δ exhibited defects in phenotype, for instance, it was hypersensitive to osmotic stress in the presence of 1.3 M NaCl or KCl. Furthermore, it was hypersensitive to 1% Congo red, suggesting defects in the cell wall. Interestingly, RNA-seq data revealed that Yst1p was critical for the expression of genes encoding the ribosomal proteins, that is, most were expressed with significantly lower levels of mRNA in yst1Δ than in the wild-type strain. The mutant strain was hypersensitive to low temperature and anti-ribosomal drugs, which we putatively attribute to the impairment in ribosomal function.