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58 ± 0.48 respectively which were in good agreement with measurements. The ALWC increased from non-foggy to foggy periods and a considerable fraction of fine aerosol mass existed in the supermicron size range of 1-2.5 μm. The sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) of PM1, PM2.5 reached up to 0.60, 0.75 in dense fog and 0.74, 0.87 when ambient RH crossed a threshold of 95%, much higher than non-foggy periods (with confidence level of ≥95%) pointing to enhanced formation of secondary aerosol in fog.A nanocomposite of a zirconium-based metal-organic framework (UiO-66) @ polypyrrole (PPy) (UiO-66@PPy) was successfully synthesized to eliminate F- from groundwater. The optimum initial pH and adsorbent dose for maximum uptake of F- from aqueous solution were found to be 3.0 and 0.1 g/L, respectively. The fluoride removal performance of UiO-66 was greatly enhanced through the introduction of polypyrrole guests, and the maximum adsorption capacity of UiO-66@PPy, namely, 290.7 mg/g, was reached, which is far superior to those of other previously reported adsorbents. The fluoride adsorption by UiO-66@PPy agreed well with the pseudo-second-order equation model and Langmuir isotherm model. The coexisting PO43- and CO32- substantially influence fluoride removal. The synthesized UiO-66@PPy could be reused five times in adsorption-desorption cycles. The incorporation of conducting polymers opened additional paths for the development of adsorbent materials; thus, UiO-66@PPy could be a viable adsorbent material and contribute to fluoride removal from groundwater.The sustainable application of an up-flow anaerobic baffled reactor (UABR) to treat real paper and cardboard industrial effluent (PCIE) containing bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1, 3-diol) was investigated. At a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 11.7 h and a bronopol concentration of 7.0 mg L-1, the removal efficiencies of total chemical oxygen demand (CODtotal), CODsoluble, CODparticulate, total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), carbohydrates, and proteins were 55.3 ± 5.2%, 26.8 ± 2.3%, 94.4 ± 4.6%, 89.4 ± 2.6%, 84.5 ± 3.2%, 72.1 ± 1.8%, and 22.4 ± 1.8%, respectively. The conversion of complex organics (e.g., carbohydrates and proteins) into bio-methane (CH4) was assisted via enzyme activities of, in U (100 mL)-1, α-amylase (224-270), α-xylanase (171-188), carboxymethyl cellulase (CM-cellulase) (146-187), polygalacturonase (56-126), and protease (67,000-75300). The acidogenic condition was dominant at a short HRT of 2.9 h, where methane yield dropped by 32.5%. Under this condition, the growth of methanogenic bacteria could be inhibited by volatile fatty acids (VFA) accumulation. The analysis of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra detected peaks relevant to methylene and nitro groups in the sludge samples, suggesting that entrapment/adsorption by the sludge bed could be a major mechanism for removing bronopol. The economic feasibility of UABR, as proposed to receive 100 m3 d-1 of PCIE, showed a payback period (profits from environmental benefits, biogas recovery, and carbon credit) of 7.6 yr. The study outcomes showed a high connection to the environmental-, economic-, and social-related sustainable development goals (SDGs).Mucins are an ancient group of glycoproteins that provide viscoelastic, lubricating and hydration properties to fluids bathing wet surfaced epithelia. They are involved in the protection of underlying tissues by forming a barrier with selective permeability properties. The expression, processing and spatial distribution of mucins are often determined by organ-specific requirements that in the eye involve protecting against environmental insult while allowing the passage of light. The human ocular surface epithelia have evolved to produce an extremely thin and watery tear film containing a distinct soluble mucin product secreted by goblet cells outside the visual axis. The adaptation to the ocular environment is notably evidenced by the significant contribution of transmembrane mucins to the tear film, where they can occupy up to one-quarter of its total thickness. This article reviews the tissue-specific properties of human ocular mucins, methods of isolation and detection, and current approaches to model mucin systems recapitulating the human ocular surface mucosa. This knowledge forms the fundamental basis to develop applications with a promising biological and clinical impact.

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is an attractive treatment option for patients with metastatic and/or unresectable tumors, however its use is limited to smaller tumors. Lattice is a form of spatially fractionated radiotherapy that may allow safe delivery of ablative doses to bulky tumors. We previously described Lattice SBRT, which delivers 20Gy in 5 fractions with a simultaneous integrated boost to 66.7Gy in a defined geometric arrangement (Lattice boost). The goal of this study was to prospectively evaluate the acute toxicity and quality of life (QoL) of patients with large tumors (>5cm) treated with Lattice SBRT.

This was a single-arm phase I trial conducted between October 2019 and August 2020. Patients with tumors>4.5cm were eligible. Lattice SBRT was delivered every other day. The primary outcome was the rate of 90-day treatment-associated (probably or definitely attributable) grade 3+acute toxicity by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0 criteria. Other outcomes included changes in patient reported toxicity and QoL inventories, GTV, and peripheral blood cytokines.

Twenty patients (22 tumors) were enrolled. Median GTV was 579.2cc (range 54.2-3713.5cc) in volume and 11.1cm (range 5.6-21.4cm) in greatest axial diameter. Fifty percent of tumors were in the thorax, 45% abdomen/pelvis, and 5% extremity. There was no likely treatment-associated grade 3+toxicity in the 90-day period (acute and sub-acute). There was one case of grade 4 toxicity possibly associated with Lattice SBRT.

This phase I study met its primary endpoint of physician reported short-term safety. An ongoing phase II clinical trial of Lattice SBRT will evaluate late safety and efficacy of this novel technique.

This phase I study met its primary endpoint of physician reported short-term safety. An ongoing phase II clinical trial of Lattice SBRT will evaluate late safety and efficacy of this novel technique.Dravet Syndrome (DS) is caused by mutations in the Scn1a gene encoding the α1 subunit of the sodium channel Nav1.1, which results in febrile seizures that progress to severe tonic-clonic seizures and associated comorbidities. Treatment with cannabidiol has been approved for the management of seizures in DS patients, but it appears to be also active against associated comorbidities. In this new study, we have investigated β-caryophyllene (BCP), a cannabinoid with terpene structure that appears to also have a broad-spectrum profile, as a useful therapy against both seizuring activity and progression of associated comorbidities. This has been studied in heterozygous conditional knock-in mice carrying a missense mutation (A1783V) in Scn1a gene expressed exclusively in neurons of the Central Nervous System (Syn-Cre/Scn1aWT/A1783V), using two experimental approaches. In the first approach, an acute treatment with BCP was effective against seizuring activity induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in wildtype (Scn1aWT/W/Scn1aWT/A1783V mice. In conclusion, BCP was active in Syn-Cre/Scn1aWT/A1783V mice against seizuring activity (acute treatment) and against several comorbidities (repeated treatment), in both cases in association with its capability to reduce glial reactivity in areas related to these behavioural abnormalities. This situates BCP in a promising position for further preclinical evaluation towards a close translation to DS patients.Neuropathic pain arises as a consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous system. It is accompanied by neuronal and non-neuronal alterations, including alterations in intracellular second messenger pathways. Cellular levels of 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) are regulated by phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes. Here, we studied the impact of PDE inhibitors (PDEi) in a mouse model of peripheral nerve injury induced by placing a cuff around the main branch of the sciatic nerve. Mechanical hypersensitivity, evaluated using von Frey filaments, was relieved by sustained treatment with the non-selective PDEi theophylline and ibudilast (AV-411), with PDE4i rolipram, etazolate and YM-976, and with PDE5i sildenafil, zaprinast and MY-5445, but not by treatments with PDE1i vinpocetine, PDE2i EHNA or PDE3i milrinone. Using pharmacological and knock-out approaches, we show a preferential implication of delta opioid receptors in the action of the PDE4i rolipram and of both mu and delta opioid receptors in the action of the PDE5i sildenafil. Calcium imaging highlighted a preferential action of rolipram on dorsal root ganglia non-neuronal cells, through PDE4B and PDE4D inhibition. Rolipram had anti-neuroimmune action, as shown by its impact on levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in the dorsal root ganglia of mice with peripheral nerve injury, as well as in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with lipopolysaccharides. This study suggests that PDEs, especially PDE4 and 5, may be targets of interest in the treatment of neuropathic pain.

To investigate Chinese guardians' willingness to vaccinate teenagers (WVT) against COVID-19, we conducted a national wide survey in 31 provinces in mainland China.

We involved 16133 guardians from 31 provinces in Chinese Mainland from August 6th to 9th, 2021. The question "Are you willing to vaccinate teenagers of COVID-19 vaccine?" was designed to capture WVT. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for potential factors of WVT were estimated using multiple logistic regression models.

In total, 13327 (82.61%) of the respondents expressed positive WVT, 12.90% of the respondents were uncertain but inclined to vaccinate their teenagers. Meanwhile, 3.89% of the respondents were uncertain and inclined to reject, and 0.60% of the respondents rejected the vaccines. After adjusting for potential confounders, the married, total family income last year, reject to Categoly1 vaccines, access information about the COVID-19 vaccines from community workers, low COVID-19 vaccine conspiracy, guardian's vaccination behavior, and the importance of vaccinating teenagers were all independent factors that affected the guardians' likely to accept. Further, the current study found that lower trust in doctors and vaccine developers was associated with negative WVT. STAT3IN1 The reasons for negative WVT included teenagers' young age and guardians' worries on the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines.

This large-scale study assessed Chinese guardians' WVT against COVID-19, as well as its potential influencing factors, which is useful for international and national decision-makers.

This large-scale study assessed Chinese guardians' WVT against COVID-19, as well as its potential influencing factors, which is useful for international and national decision-makers.