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Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are useful in assessing student performance, covering a wide range of topics in an objective way. Its reliability and validity depend upon how well it is constructed. Defective Item detected by item analysis must be looked for item writing flaws and optimized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the MCQs for difficulty levels, discriminating power with functional distractors by item analysis, analyze poor items for writing flaws, and optimize.

This was a prospective cross-sectional study involving 120 MBBS students writing formative assessment in Ophthalmology. It comprised 40 single response MCQs as a part of 3-h paper for 20 marks. Items were categorized according to their difficulty index, discrimination index, and distractor efficiency with simple proportions, mean, standard deviation, and correlation. The defective items were analyzed for proper construction and optimized.

The mean score of the study group was 13.525 ± 2.617. Mean difficulty index, discrimination index, and distractor efficiency were 53.22, 0.26, and 78.32, respectively. Among 40 MCQs, twenty-five MCQs did not have non-functioning distractor; 7 had one, 5 had two, and 3 had three. Of the 20 defective items, 17 were optimized and added to the question bank, two were added without modification, and one was dropped.

Item analysis is a valuable tool in detecting poor MCQs, and optimizing them is a critical step. The defective items identified should be optimized and not dropped so that the content area covered by the defective item is not kept of the assessment.

Item analysis is a valuable tool in detecting poor MCQs, and optimizing them is a critical step. The defective items identified should be optimized and not dropped so that the content area covered by the defective item is not kept of the assessment.

National Accreditation Board for Hospitals and Healthcare Providers operates the health-care accreditation program in India. Research on impact of accreditation on eye-care centers is scarce. This article was conceptualized to scientifically evaluate the changes in documentation brought about by accreditation and its effects on staff in the Ophthalmology Department of an Indian Medical College.

This was conducted as a quasi-experimental study in four steps. First, a point-based evaluation of case sheets in both pre-accreditation and postaccreditation phase, along with statistical analysis of the results, was done. click here Step two involved analysis of quality indicators and patient safety indices in successive years from inception of data to post-accreditation phase. Step three comprised a survey of staff employing a validated tool, and finally, face-to-face semistructured interviews with designated authorities, including finance departmental head, completed the study.

A statistically significant difference wasut desire enhanced rewards.

The objective of this study was to identify the diagnostic features of optic nerve head melanocytoma (ONH-MCT) on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) and OCT angiography (OCT-A).

Retrospective study of 11 patients for their demographic, clinical features and imaging including SD OCT (tumour location, extent and interface) and OCT-A (surface and intrinsic vascularity) were reviewed. Flow rate percentage (FR %) was calculated over the lesion and compared to fellow eye and similar pigmented lesions.

The average age was 52.8 ± 10.9 years. ONH-MCT tumors occupied 3-tissue spaces- optic disc (n = 2), retinal layer (n = 5) and retina-choroidal layers (n = 4). SD OCT (11 eyes) showed elevated hyper reflective disorganized retinal layers with posterior shadowing (9 eyes) and hyper reflective dots within the tumor (all eyes). Microvascular features on OCT-A (8 eyes) in radial peripapillary capillary slab showed surface vascularization (7 eyes) and intrinsic vascularity in choroidal slab (8 eyes) with surrounding hypo reflective boundary. The mean FR % was higher at 65.1 ± 3.77% (CI 61.9-68.2) compared to mean FR at 60.4 ± 1.06% (CI 59.5-61.2) in the fellow eye (p = 0.01). Comparison with nevus and melanoma SD OCT showed a high reflective choroidal layer with normal or irregular outer retinal layers respectively; OCT-A showed hypo reflective area at the center with hyper reflective boundary and iso reflective area at center with hyper reflective boundary respectively.

SD OCT and OCT-A features may help to differentiate ONH-MCT from clinically similar looking pigmented lesions like nevus and melanoma.

SD OCT and OCT-A features may help to differentiate ONH-MCT from clinically similar looking pigmented lesions like nevus and melanoma.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal moxifloxacin injections in the treatment of acute post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis with visual acuity equal to or greater than hand movements.

Fifty two patients with post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis who presented within 6 weeks with visual acuity equal to or greater than hand movements received two intravitreal moxifloxacin injections 48 h apart. Patients with prior history of ocular disease or treatment were excluded. Patients were followed up to 3 months either for resolution of endophthalmitis or worsening of disease. Number of patients who achieved visual acuity equal to or better than 20/40 and 20/200 at the third-month follow-up visit were compared with the number of patients at presentation, using Chi-square test. In addition, pretreatment LogMAR visual acuity at the time of presentation was compared with posttreatment visual acuity at end of third month using paired t test.

Fifty (96.15%) patients showed complete resolution of endophthalmitis while three patients required vitrectomy. Forty-one (78.85%) and 49 (94.23%) patients achieved visual acuity equal to or better than 20/40 and 20/200, respectively, at the third-month follow-up visit as compared to eight (15.38%) and 13 (25%) patients, respectively, at presentation (P < 0.05). In addition, mean LogMAR visual acuity at the time of presentation was 0.755 which improved to 0.307 at the third-month follow-up visit (P < 0.05). None of the patients developed hypersensitivity reactions to intravitreal moxifloxacin.

Intravitreal moxifloxacin injections showed promising results in acute post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis.

Intravitreal moxifloxacin injections showed promising results in acute post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis.