Mccarthyhagen8066

Neonicotinoid pesticides can have a multitude of negative sublethal effects on bees. Understanding their impact on wild populations requires accurately estimating the dosages bees encounter under natural conditions. This is complicated by the possibility that bees might influence their own exposure two recent studies found that bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) preferentially consumed neonicotinoid-contaminated nectar, even though these chemicals are thought to be tasteless and odourless. Here, we used Bombus impatiens to explore two elements of these reported preferences, with the aim of understanding their ecological implication and underlying mechanism. First, we asked whether preferences persisted across a range of realistic nectar sugar concentrations, when measured at a series of time points up until 24 h. Second, we tested whether bees' neonicotinoid preferences were driven by an ability to associate their post-ingestive consequences with floral stimuli such as colour, location or scent. We found no evidence that foragers preferred to consume neonicotinoid-containing solutions, despite finding effects on feeding motivation and locomotor activity in line with previous work. Bees also did not preferentially visit floral stimuli previously paired with a neonicotinoid-containing solution. These results highlight the need for further research into the mechanisms underlying bees' responses to these pesticides, critical for determining how neonicotinoid-driven foraging preferences might operate in the real world for different bee species.Human traffic along roads can be a major vector for infectious diseases and invasive species. Though most road traffic is local, a small number of long-distance trips can suffice to move an invasion or disease front forward. Therefore, understanding how many agents travel over long distances and which routes they choose is key to successful management of diseases and invasions. Stochastic gravity models have been used to estimate the distribution of trips between origins and destinations of agents. However, in large-scale systems, it is hard to collect the data required to fit these models, as the number of long-distance travellers is small, and origins and destinations can have multiple access points. Therefore, gravity models often provide only relative measures of the agent flow. Furthermore, gravity models yield no insights into which roads agents use. We resolve these issues by combining a stochastic gravity model with a stochastic route choice model. Our hybrid model can be fitted to survey data collected at roads that are used by many long-distance travellers. This decreases the sampling effort, allows us to obtain absolute predictions of both vector pressure and pathways, and permits rigorous model validation. After introducing our approach in general terms, we demonstrate its benefits by applying it to the potential invasion of zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena spp.) to the Canadian province British Columbia. The model yields an R 2-value of 0.73 for variance-corrected agent counts at survey locations.The corrosion inhibition effect and adsorption behaviour of 1-phenyl-3-(phenylamino)propan-1-one (PPAPO) on N80 steel in hydrochloric acid solution have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), electrochemical method and scanning electron microscopy. The corrosion inhibition mechanism of PPAPO mixed with Na2WO4 was interpreted from the thermodynamic point of view. The results indicated that PPAPO mixed with Na2WO4 acted as a mixed-type inhibitor. The inhibition film formed on N80 steel surface can increase the charge transfer resistance and prevent the occurrence of corrosion reaction, thereby reducing the corrosion rate of metal surface. The inhibition efficiency was up to 96.65%; the inhibitor PPAPO with Na2WO4 showed good synergistic effect on N80 corrosion behaviour in HCl solution. The adsorption behaviour of inhibitors on N80 steel surface was in accordance with the Langmuir adsorption model and mainly belonged to chemisorption. The adsorption process of PPAPO on N80 surface was spontaneous and irreversible endothermic reaction.The critical technical issues for the structure design of three-roller tube expander were first studied and analysed in this paper. Then, the major design parameters of the expansion unit structure and the bearing limit of 12¼″ three-roller tube expander were optimized and investigated by finite-element numerical simulation method. Results from study show that the required expansion force increases when the taper angle of the roller outer surface gets larger, taking the axial expansion force as the quantitative indicators. It is suggested that the roller tape angle of the expansion unit should be in the range of 9-12° considering the proper length of the roller and the non-self-locking tube expansion process. Stenoparib chemical structure The required expansion force of the bellows first decreases and then increases when the gauge length of the expansion unit becomes longer. The optimal value of the gauge length is 50 mm considering the proper length of the roller. And according to the numerical simulation results, the designed three-roller tube expander meets the strength requirements. The results of this study are of great significance to the expend bellows drilling technology.Cooperation declines in repeated public good games because individuals behave as conditional cooperators. This is because individuals imitate the social behaviour of successful individuals when their payoff information is available. However, in human societies, individuals cooperate in many situations involving social dilemmas. We hypothesize that humans are sensitive to both success (payoffs) and how that success was obtained, by cheating (not socially sanctioned) or good behaviour (socially sanctioned and adds to prestige or reputation), when information is available about payoffs and prestige. We propose and model a repeated public good game with heterogeneous conditional cooperators where an agent's donation in a public goods game depends on comparing the number of donations in the population in the previous round and with the agent's arbitrary chosen conditional cooperative criterion. Such individuals imitate the social behaviour of role models based on their payoffs and prestige. The dependence is modelled by two population-level parameters affinity towards payoff and affinity towards prestige. These affinities influence the degree to which agents value the payoff and prestige of role models. Agents update their conditional strategies by considering both parameters. The simulations in this study show that high levels of cooperation are established in a population consisting of heterogeneous conditional cooperators for a certain range of affinity parameters in repeated public good games. The results show that social value (prestige) is important in establishing cooperation.Answer selection is one of the key steps in many question answering (QA) applications. In this paper, a new deep model with two kinds of attention is proposed for answer selection the double attention recurrent convolution neural network (DARCNN). Double attention means self-attention and cross-attention. The design inspiration of this model came from the transformer in the domain of machine translation. Self-attention can directly calculate dependencies between words regardless of the distance. However, self-attention ignores the distinction between its surrounding words and other words. Thus, we design a decay self-attention that prioritizes local words in a sentence. In addition, cross-attention is established to achieve interaction between question and candidate answer. With the outputs of self-attention and decay self-attention, we can get two kinds of interactive information via cross-attention. Finally, using the feature vectors of the question and answer, elementwise multiplication is used to combine with them and multilayer perceptron is used to predict the matching score. Experimental results on four QA datasets containing Chinese and English show that DARCNN performs better than other answer selection models, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of self-attention, decay self-attention and cross-attention in answer selection tasks.Perceptual load is a well-established determinant of attentional engagement in a task. So far, perceptual load has typically been manipulated by increasing either the number of task-relevant items or the perceptual processing demand (e.g. conjunction versus feature tasks). The tasks used often involved rather simple visual displays (e.g. letters or single objects). How can perceptual load be operationalized for richer, real-world images? A promising proxy is the visual complexity of an image. However, current predictive models for visual complexity have limited applicability to diverse real-world images. Here we modelled visual complexity using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) trained to learn perceived ratings of visual complexity. We presented 53 observers with 4000 images from the PASCAL VOC dataset, obtaining 75 020 2-alternative forced choice paired comparisons across observers. Image visual complexity scores were obtained using the TrueSkill algorithm. A CNN with weights pre-trained on an object recognition task predicted complexity ratings with r = 0.83. By contrast, feature-based models used in the literature, working on image statistics such as entropy, edge density and JPEG compression ratio, only achieved r = 0.70. Thus, our model offers a promising method to quantify the perceptual load of real-world scenes through visual complexity.The transition from primary to secondary education is a critical period in early adolescence which is related to increased anxiety and stress, increased prevalence of mental health issues, and decreased maths performance, suggesting it is an important period to investigate maths attainment. Previous research has focused on anxiety and working memory as predictors of maths, without investigating any long-term effects around the education transition. This study examined working memory and internalizing symptoms as predictors of children's maths attainment trajectories (age 7-16) across the transition to secondary education using secondary longitudinal analysis of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). This study found statistically significant, but very weak evidence for the effect of internalizing symptoms and working memory on maths attainment. Greater parental education was the strongest predictor, suggesting that children of parents with a degree (compared with those with a CSE) gain the equivalent of almost a year's schooling in maths. However, due to methodological limitations, the effects of working memory and internalizing symptoms on attainment cannot be fully understood with the current study. Additional research is needed to further uncover this relationship, using more time-appropriate measures.The present paper studies the oscillatory flow of Carreau fluid in a channel at different Womersley and Carreau numbers. At high and low Womersley numbers, asymptotic expansions in small parameters, connected with the Womersley number, are developed. For the intermediate Womersley numbers, theoretical bounds for the velocity solution and its gradient, depending on the problem parameters, are proven and explicitly given. It is shown that the Carreau number changes the type of the flow velocity to be closer to the Newtonian velocity corresponding to low or high shear or to have a transitional character between both Newtonian velocities. Some numerical examples for the velocity at different Carreau and Womersley numbers are presented for illustration with respect to the similar Newtonian flow velocity.