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7%). There was statistically significantly better overall survival for those on pemetrexed regimens (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.80 to 0.92), bevacizumab regimens (HR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.65 to 0.81), pemetrexed/bevacizumab regimens (HR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.61 to 0.76), or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (HR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.67) compared with platinum doublets. The odds of receiving most systemic treatments decreased with decreasing socioeconomic status. For patients with squamous histology, platinum doublets were predominant (33.7%) and were not found to have statistically significantly different overall survival from single agents. Conclusions These population-level findings indicate low utilization of systemic treatments, survival differences between treatment groups, and evident treatment disparities by socioeconomic status. © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press.Aims Patient comfort during colonoscopy is an important measure of quality, which can improve patient satisfaction and compliance with future procedures. selleck chemicals Our aim was to develop and validate a pain assessment tool based on objective behavioural cues tailored to outpatients undergoing colonoscopy St. Paul's endoscopy comfort score (SPECS). Methods A single-centre, prospective study was conducted in consecutive adults undergoing planned outpatient colonoscopy. Patient comfort was independently assessed by the physician, nurse and a research assistant (observer) using the SPECS and the Gloucester scale (GS). In addition, the nurse-assessed patient comfort score (NAPCOMS), nonverbal pain Assessment tool (NPAT) and Richmond agitation sedation scale (RASS) were completed by the observer. Data on subject demographics, sedation dose and duration of the procedure were collected. Following the procedure, patients completed a patient satisfaction questionnaire, including a visual analogue scale (VAS) to measure their overall perceived pain during the procedure. Results The study enrolled 350 subjects. The SPECS showed excellent inter-rater reliability among all three raters with an intra-class coefficient (ICC) of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.78-0.84), while the GS showed good reliability with an ICC of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.73-0.80). The SPECS demonstrated moderate agreement with the patient-reported VAS ratings. Conclusions The St. Paul's endoscopy comfort score was successfully validated, demonstrating excellent inter-rater reliability. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology.Background The quality of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) involving advanced endoscopy trainees (AETs) is not well understood. In this study, we aimed to examine adverse events (AE) risk and diagnostic yield of EUS procedures involving AETs. Methods We conducted a retrospective single-centre review from September 2009 to August 2015. Clinical, procedural, cytological, and hospital visit data within 30 days of the EUS procedure was collected. Primary outcomes were occurrence of an AE and a diagnostic specimen on cytopathology. Each AE was classified as "definitely related," "possibly related," or "not related" to the EUS procedure based on a previously defined consensus approach. Advanced endoscopy trainee involvement was established through the operative report. Results Our study included 1657 EUS procedures, of which 27% (451 of 1657) involved AETs. Endoscopic ultrasound was most commonly performed to evaluate pancreatic pathology (46% of cases). Overall AE incidence was 3.4%; it was 4.9% when an AET was involved and 2.8% when the EUS was performed without an AET (P = 0.04). The risk of an AE when AETs were involved was greatest in the first three months of training (7.9% versus 2.7%, P = 0.04). Multivariate analysis limited to the first three months of training demonstrated AET involvement to be associated with an increased AE risk after adjusting for patient and procedural factors (adjusted OR 3.2; 95% CI, 1.1-8.7; P = 0.03). The overall diagnostic yield was 76%. This was not compromised by AET involvement for any quartile of training. Conclusions We observed an increased risk of EUS-related AEs when procedures involved AETs during the first three months of training. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology.Background Vedolizumab (VDZ) is a humanized monoclonal IgG1 antibody which inhibits leukocyte vascular adhesion and migration into the gastrointestinal tract through α4β7 integrin blockade. Aims We retrospectively assessed the 12-month, real-world efficacy and safety of VDZ as induction and maintenance therapy in adult patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods The rates of clinical remission (CR, partial Mayo score less then 2), steroid-free clinical remission (SFCR), and mucosal healing were assessed with nonresponder imputation analysis. Baseline independent predictors of clinical remission were investigated, and adverse events were recorded. Results We analyzed outcomes in 74 patients; 32% were anti-TNF naïve, 68% had pancolitis, and 46% were on systemic steroids at baseline. At week six, week 14, six months and one year, the CR rates were 26%, 34%, 39% and 39% respectively, and the SFCR rates were 24%, 31%, 38% and 39%, respectively. Among patients not in CR after induction, the probability of remission at six months was 20%. Sustained SFCR between weeks 14 and 52 and between weeks 22 and 52 was found in 69% and 86% of the patients, respectively. Steroid-free clinical remission at 12 months was significantly associated with remission after the induction phase (OR = 30.4; 95% CI, 6 to 150; P less then 0.001). Mucosal healing rate at one year was 39%. The most common side effect was headache (7%). Conclusions Increasing remission rates were observed over the first six months of VDZ treatment. One-fifth of patients not in remission post-induction achieved remission by six months of continued therapy. Mucosal healing was associated with higher rates of one-year steroid-free remission and VDZ treatment continuation. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology.