Mendozaevans0762

A survey of several cattle properties in northern Australia showed that strain C12-8 and other FA degrading bacteria affiliated with Cloacibacillus porcorum strain MFA1 were endemic to cattle in the northern beef herd and may help to reduce toxicity. © FEMS 2020.Digestive microbiota provides a wide range of beneficial effects on host physiology and are therefore likely to play a key role in marine intertidal bivalve ability to acclimatize to the intertidal zone. This study investigated the effect of intertidal levels on the digestive bacterial microbiota of oysters Crassostrea gigas and clams Ruditapes philippinarum, two bivalves with different ecological niches. Based on the 16S rRNA region sequencing, digestive glands, seawater and sediments harbored specific bacterial communities, dominated by OTUs assigned to the Mycoplasmatales, Desulfobacterales and Rhodobacterales orders, respectively. Field implantation modified digestive bacterial microbiota of both bivalve species according to their intertidal position. Rhodospirillales and Legionellales abundances increased in oysters and clams from low intertidal level, respectively. After a 14-day depuration process, these effects were still observed especially for clams, while digestive bacterial microbiota of oysters were more subjected to short-term environmental changes. Nevertheless, 3.5 months stay on intertidal zone was enough to leave an environmental footprint on the digestive bacterial microbiota, suggesting the existence of autochthonous bivalve bacteria. When comparing clams from the three intertidal levels, 20% of the bacterial assemblage was shared among the levels and it was dominated by OTU affiliated to the Mycoplasmataceae and Spirochaetaceae families. © FEMS 2020.Our review summarizes and compares the temporal development (Eras) of antifungal drug discovery as well as antibacterial ventures. The innovation gap that occurred in antibacterial discovery from the 1960-2000 was likely due to tailoring of existing compounds to have better activity than predecessors. PRN2246 Antifungal discovery also faced innovation gaps. The semi-synthetic antibiotic Era was followed closely by the resistance Era and the heightened need for new compounds and targets. With the immense contribution of comparative genomics, antifungal targets became part of the discovery focus. These targets by definition are absolutely required to be fungal-or even lineage (clade)-specific. Importantly, targets need to be essential for growth and/or have important roles in disease and pathogenesis. Two types of antifungals are discussed that are mostly in the FDA Phase 1-3 clinical trials. New antifungals are either modified to increase bioavailability and stability for instance, or are new compounds that inhibit new targets. One of the important developments in incentivizing new antifungal discovery has been the prolific number of publications of global and country-specific incidence. International efforts that champion global antimicrobial drug discovery are discussed. Still, interventions are needed. Discussed is the current pipeline of antifungals. Alternatives to antifungals are discussed including vaccines. © FEMS 2020.The novel 2019 strain of coronavirus is a source of profound morbidity and mortality worldwide. Compared with recent viral outbreaks, COVID-19 infection has a relatively high mortality rate, the reasons for which are not entirely clear. Furthermore, treatment options for COVID-19 infection are currently limited. In this Perspective, we explore the contributions of the innate and adaptive immune systems to both viral control as well as toxicity during COVID-19 infections and offer suggestions to both understand and therapeutically modulate anti-COVID immunity. © 2020 Vardhana and Wolchok.BACKGROUND AND AIMS Polyploidy is an important contributor to sympatric speciation and assortative mating is a key mechanism driving cytotype interactions at contact zones. While strong reproductive barriers can mediate the coexistence of different cytotypes in sympatry, positive frequency-dependent mating disadvantage ultimately drives the transition to single-ploidy populations. However, comprehensive estimates of reproductive isolation among cytotypes and across multiple barriers are rare. We quantify the strength of isolation across multiple reproductive stages in a tetraploid-octoploid contact zone to understand the potential for coexistence. METHODS Assortative mating due to flowering asynchrony, pollinator behaviour, morphological overlap, self-fertilization and gametic competition between tetraploid and octoploid Gladiolus communis in a contact zone in Western Iberian Peninsula were assessed in natural and experimental populations to quantify reproductive isolation (RI) between cytotypes. KEY RESULTS ghlights the importance of comprehensive estimates across multiple reproductive barriers to understand cytotype interactions at contact zones. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.BACKGROUND In several countries, maternity protection legislations (MPL) confer an essential role to gynecologist-obstetricians (OBGYNs) for the protection of pregnant workers and their future children from occupational exposures. This study explores OBGYNs' practices and difficulties in implementing MPL in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. METHODS An online survey was sent to 333 OBGYNs. Data analysis included 1) descriptive and correlational statistics and 2) hierarchical cluster analysis to identify patterns of practices. RESULTS OBGYNs evoked several problems in MPL implementation absence of risk analysis in the companies, difficult collaboration with employers, lack of competencies in the field of occupational health. Preventive leave was underused, with sick leave being prescribed instead. Training had a positive effect on OBGYNs' knowledge and implementation of MPL. Hierarchical cluster analysis highlighted three main types of practices 1) practice in line with legislation; 2) practice on a case-by-case basis; 3) limited practice.