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Median overall stage III NSCLC survival ranges from 9 to 34 months. Higher survival rates are observed in younger Caucasian women with good performance status, adenocarcinoma, mutations, stage IIIA, and in patients with multidisciplinary-team-based diagnoses.The staging of mediastinal lymph nodes for lung cancer is crucial for planning treatments or reinterventions. In potentially curable patients the aim of mediastinal staging is to exclude the presence of malignancy in mediastinal lymph nodes with a high level of accuracy while also considering clinical factors and the balance of the benefits and risks of tissue sampling techniques. Mediastinal staging is based on computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) and can be sufficient when no mediastinal abnormalities are present and the probability of unforeseen N2 disease is low. In the case of bulky lymph nodes with a high probability of malignancy in PET-CT, tissue confirmation is not normally required. If mediastinal sampling is needed it can be achieved by endosonographic techniques, including endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) or a combination of the two. Positive results do not need further confirmation. In the case of negative results, surgical techniques still play a role in the selected cases discussed by multidisciplinary lung cancer committees. New mediastinal surgical techniques including video-assisted cervical mediastinoscopy (VACM), video-assisted mediastinoscopic lymphadenectomy (VAMLA), and transcervical extended mediastinal lymphadenectomy (TEMLA) have been shown to be useful in selected patients. Final pathological staging is based on lymph node removal during surgery and can be achieved by taking one of two approaches lymph node sampling or systematic lymph node sampling. INF195 supplier The accuracy of PET-CT and mediastinal endosonography is lower for mediastinal restaging than it is for surgical techniques; their false positive and false negative (FN) rate is high and so, they require histological confirmation. Here we explain and revise the results from the most recent studies and current international guidelines.Drug-induced interstitial lung disease (DI-ILD) is a rare adverse event associated with targeted therapies that inhibit the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein. Although newer-generation ALK inhibitors such as alectinib significantly improve survival in metastatic ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the risk of DI-ILD is similar to that of earlier-generation therapies. Lorlatinib is a third-generation ALK inhibitor that is active in patients with metastatic NSCLC whose tumors have developed secondary resistance to alectinib. While it is associated with low rates of DI-ILD in initial phase 1/2 clinical trials, the safety of lorlatinib in patients with a history of DI-ILD has not been well-described. In this case series, we therefore report two patients with metastatic ALK-rearranged NSCLC who each tolerated lorlatinib following recovery from alectinib-related DI-ILD. Both cases were notable for the acute onset of dyspnea, hypoxia, and diffuse ground-glass opacities within one month of initiating alectinib. With no alternative etiology of pneumonitis identified, both patients were treated empirically for grade 3 DI-ILD with corticosteroids and discontinuation of alectinib. Following rapid clinical recovery and eventual radiographic resolution of opacities, each patient was started on lorlatinib at the time of cancer progression, with neither person developing symptoms or radiographic findings consistent with recurrent DI-ILD. In the following series, we describe these two cases in greater detail and discuss their significance within the context of the prior literature. While further descriptions are needed, our experience suggests that lorlatinib may be a safe therapeutic option in some patients who have recovered from DI-ILD.Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is associated with a low prevalence, poor prognosis, and limited treatment efficacy. Here, we report a case of a 21-year-old male whose disease relapsed in the thoracic cavity following traditional chemotherapy. The patient received eight sequential cycles of traditional chemotherapy using a combination of the cyclophosphamide + vincristine + doxorubicin hydrochloride liposome (CAV) and etoposide + ifosfamide (IE) regimens. The therapeutic effect of the combination regimen had been worked in short times. After a month, ERMS had relapsed in the whole lung after traditional chemotherapy. The treatment method was changed immediately and the patient received targeted therapy with a combination of pazopanib and olaratumab. The therapeutic effect of the combination regimen was evaluated for a complete response (CR). After two months, CT imaging revealed that most of the metastatic lesions in the lung had disappeared. This is the first case to report the use of pazopanib and olaratumab in relapsed ERMS with a curative effect resulting in a CR. Pazopanib is approved for advanced soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and renal cell cancer. Thus, combining pazopanib with targeted therapy may play an important role and provide a reference for the treatment of relapsed ERMS.The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has caused disruption in cancer care and research, changing daily management approach of cancer patients, above all for those affected by lung cancer disease. Unfortunately, its length and severity beyond today is still uncertain. This emerged viral pandemic has produced severe illness to overwhelm healthcare infrastructure, with worse impact on public health system and on providers of essential community services, and needing to ration medical equipment and interventions. Several data from across the world highlighted the susceptibility of patients affected by tumors to high severe infection and mortality from COVID-19. Lung cancer patients emerged as "frail" subgroup, mainly attributable to their immunosuppression, co-existing medical conditions and underlying pulmonary compromise. So, the lung cancer care was confounded by urgent need for intervention for most patients and the competing risk of life-threatening COVID-19 infection, and also influenced by competing needs for personnel, beds and equipment for urgent COVID-19 care.