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The purpose of this study is to examine how the body mass index changes over time and to determine whether there is a difference between the cohorts. selleck chemical For these purposes, we used latent growth curve modeling and multi-group analysis involving 2,250 students (first-grade cohort panel data) and 2,094 students (fourth-grade cohort panel data) who participated in the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. Major findings are as follows. 1) The trajectories of body mass index were different by the cohort. Specifically, children's body mass index has become more serious in recent generation. 2) Multi-group analysis showed that the trajectories of body mass index and its predictors were varied by the cohort. Specifically, self-esteem, abuse, sedentary lifestyle, and study time explained the cohort effect. These findings suggest that the social environment intervention is needed for the physical health of children.Homeobox genes function as master regulatory transcription factors during development, and their expression is often altered in cancer. The HOX gene family was initially studied intensively to understand how the expression of each gene was involved in forming axial patterns and shaping the body plan during embryogenesis. More recent investigations have discovered that HOX genes can also play an important role in cancer. The literature has shown that the expression of HOX genes may be increased or decreased in different tumors and that these alterations may differ depending on the specific HOX gene involved and the type of cancer being investigated. New studies are also emerging, showing the critical role of some members of the HOX gene family in tumor progression and variation in clinical response. However, there has been limited systematic evaluation of the various contributions of each member of the HOX gene family in the pathways that drive the common phenotypic changes (or "hallmarks") and that underlie the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells. In this review, we investigate the context of the engagement of HOX gene targets and their downstream pathways in the acquisition of competence of tumor cells to undergo malignant transformation and tumor progression. We also summarize published findings on the involvement of HOX genes in carcinogenesis and use bioinformatics methods to examine how their downstream targets and pathways are involved in each hallmark of the cancer phenotype.The fundamental criteria of the quality of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation represent a pivotal challenge, especially in the case of MD simulations of large systems (in particular, proteins).This work presents a simple theoretical analysis of time reversibility in classical mechanics that has allowed us to formulate a number of constructive criteria for evaluating the quality of the trajectories, generated in MD simulations. The results of testing the criteria on the structures of eight small proteins are presented. The criteria can be useful for solving different MD problems, such as choosing the most appropriate thermostats for a MD system under study, the methods for sampling conformations, etc.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.Localized brain hypothermia (HYPO) can be achieved by infusing cold saline into the carotid artery of animals and patients. Studies suggest that HYPO improves behavioral and histological outcomes in focal ischemia models. Given that ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) share pathophysiological overlap, we tested whether cold saline infusion is safe and neuroprotective when given during collagenase-induced ICH. Eighty-five adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Experiment 1 investigated brain and body temperature changes associated with a cold saline infusion paradigm that was scaled from patients according to brain weight and blood volume (3 mL/20-minute infusion). Experiment 2 determined whether HYPO aggravated bleeding volume. Experiment 3 investigated if cerebral edema or elemental concentrations were altered by HYPO. We also collected core body temperature and activity data through telemetry. Experiment 4 investigated whether behavioral outcomes (e.g., skilled reaching) and tissue loss were influenced by HYPO. Our HYPO protocol decreased the ipsilateral striatal temperature by ∼0.20°C (p 0.05 for all). Brain tissue loss was not different between groups on day 28 post-ICH (p = 0.90). Although cold saline infusion appears to be safe in the acute post-ICH period, there was no evidence that this therapy improved outcome. However, our treatment protocol was relatively mild and additional interventions might help improve efficacy. Finally, our findings may also speak to the safety of this cooling approach in focal ischemia where hemorrhagic transformation is a risk; future studies on this issue are needed.Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to a national health care emergency in the United States and exposed resource shortages, particularly of health care providers trained to provide critical or intensive care. This article describes how digital health technologies are being or could be used for COVID-19 mitigation. It then proposes the National Emergency Tele-Critical Care Network (NETCCN), which would combine digital health technologies to address this and future crises. Methods Subject matter experts from the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center examined the peer-reviewed literature and science/technology news to see what digital health technologies have already been or could be implemented to (1) support patients while limiting COVID-19 transmission, (2) increase health care providers' capability and capacity, and (3) predict/prevent future outbreaks. Results Major technologies identified included telemedicine and mobile care (for COVID-19 as well as routine care), tiered telementoring, telecritical care, robotics, and artificial intelligence for monitoring. Several of these could be assimilated to form an interoperable scalable NETCCN. NETCCN would assist health care providers, wherever they are located, by obtaining real-time patient and supplies data and disseminating critical care expertise. NETCCN capabilities should be maintained between disasters and regularly tested to ensure continual readiness. Conclusions COVID-19 has demonstrated the impact of a large-scale health emergency on the existing infrastructures. Short term, an approach to meeting this challenge is to adopt existing digital health technologies. Long term, developing a NETCCN may ensure that the necessary ecosystem is available to respond to future emergencies.