Glassbullard6379

The occurrence and spatial distribution of 22 congener phthalate esters (PAEs) in the Lanzhou section of the Yellow River were investigated using water and sediment samples collected from 12 stations along the river in August 2016 to March 2017. learn more PAEs were determined by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The average concentrations of PAE in the water samples during the dry and wet periods were 3236.0 ng/L and 2300.0 ng/L, and the average dry and wet periods of the PAEs in the sediments were 4238.9 ng/g and 3959.9 ng/g, respectively. PAEs were detected in all sampling sites. The six PAEs controlled by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), namely dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), and butyl benzyl phthalate(BBP), were detected. DMP, DEP, DBP, and DEHP accounted for more than 70% of all PAEs. In view of time distribution, PAEs concentration in the water samples of the dry season were greater than those of the wet season, but the sediments did not differ remarkably across the different periods. As for spatial distribution, the PAEs initially exhibited low concentrations in the upper reaches, high concentrations in the middle part, and low concentrations in the downstream; a health risk assessment of the six PAEs controlled by the U.S. EPA was carried out according to priority. Results showed that the carcinogenic risk value was less than 10-6, and the values of the non-carcinogenic compound risk index were less than 1, indicating the absence of carcinogenic damage to organisms or humans.Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate is a highly contaminated liquid effluent. Leachate has a complex nature that needs to be appropriately treated before being discharged into the environment. There are various options for leachate treatment. Deciding which option should be applied is a complex process, since it depends on many factors that need to provide a balance between the technical, economic, and environmental aspects of sustainability. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods are useful techniques to solve complex problems that cannot be easily solved. In this study, MCDM techniques are used for an evaluation of four different leachate treatment options recirculation of leachate to a landfill site (A1), combined treatment with municipal wastewater (A2), anaerobic and aerobic sequential treatment (A3), and advanced leachate treatment based on membrane processes (A4). The selection of the most appropriate one, based on the criteria, analytic network process (ANP), and preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluations (PROMETHEE) methods, was applied as MCDM techniques using the Super Decisions software and D-Sight software, respectively. Both the ANP and the PROMETHEE analysis results demonstrate that option A2 is the most appropriate for all of the decision-makers.Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) has been widely used for studying gene expression at the transcript level. Its accuracy usually relies on the reference genes that are utilized for data normalization. Miscanthus sinensis, a perennial C4 grass with high biomass and strong resistance to adversities, is often utilized as a high value energy crop. However, no reliable reference genes have been investigated for normalizing gene expression for this species. In this study, 12 candidate reference genes were selected to identify their stability under five different abiotic stress treatments (drought, salt, cadmium, chromium and arsenic) by using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder softwares. The results showed that 18S rRNA and Unigene33312 were the best reference genes under drought treatments. Unigene33312 and Unigene33024 were found to be the most stably expressed genes under salt stress and Cd stress. Moreover, Unigene33024 and PP2A were the most suitable reference genes under Cr stress and Unigene33024 and Sb09g019750 were deemed more suitable reference genes under As stress. In total, considering all the samples, Unigene33024 and PP2A were the most stable genes while ACTIN and Unigene26576 were the least stable reference genes for internal control. The expression patterns of two target genes (Cu/Zn SOD and CAT) were used to further verify those selected reference genes under different conditions. The results showed that the most and the least stable reference genes had clearly different expression patterns. This work comprehensively estimated the stability of reference genes in M. sinensis which may give insight to the reference genes selection in other tissues as well as other related varieties. These suggested reference genes would assist in further putative gene expression validation in M. sinensis.Recent research in the eyewitness identification literature has investigated whether simultaneous or sequential lineups yield better discriminability. In standard eyewitness identification experiments, subjects view a mock-crime video and then are tested only once, requiring large samples for adequate power. However, there is no reason why theories of simultaneous versus sequential lineup performance cannot be tested using more traditional recognition memory tasks. In two experiments, subjects studied DRM (Deese-Roediger-McDermott) word lists (e.g., bed, rest, tired, ...) and were tested using "lineups" in which six words were presented either simultaneously or sequentially. A studied word (e.g., tired) served as the guilty suspect in target-present lineups, unstudied related words (e.g., nap) served as fillers in target-present and target-absent lineups, and critical lures (e.g., sleep) were included in some target-present and target-absent lineups as well, to serve as attractive alternatives to the target word (or suspect). ROC analyses showed that the simultaneous test format generally yielded superior discriminability performance compared to the sequential test format, whether or not the critical lure was present in the lineup.BACKGROUND Mice lacking either colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) or its receptor, CSF-1R, display osteopetrosis. Accordingly, genetic deletion or pharmacological blockade of CSF-1 prevents the bone loss associated with estrogen deficiency. However, the role of CSF-1R in osteoporosis models of type-1 diabetes (T1D) and ovariectomy (OVX) has not been examined. Thus, we evaluated whether CSF-1R blockade would relieve the bone loss in a model of primary osteoporosis (female mice with OVX) and a model of secondary osteoporosis (female with T1D) using micro-computed tomography. METHODS Female ICR mice at 10 weeks underwent OVX or received five daily administrations of streptozotocin (ip, 50 mg/kg) to induce T1D. Four weeks after OVX and 14 weeks after first injection of streptozotocin, mice received an anti-CSF-1R (2G2) antibody (10 mg/kg, ip; once/week for 6 weeks) or vehicle. At the last day of antibody administration, mice were sacrificed and femur and tibia were harvested for micro-computed tomography analysis.