Houmannvance7413

Paul Bouts (1900-1999) was a Belgian pedagogue, a Roman Catholic priest, and the founder of Psychognomy, which is a personality diagnostic system combining phrenology and several related practices - typology, craniofacial measurements, physiognomy, graphology etc. Bouts had a fragile health; therefore, it is unlikely that he travelled to Brazil. Despite this, his most famous book, rich in conservative and religious thoughts, was translated to Portuguese and published with ecclesiastic support in 1943, and the doctrine acquired good reputation among Brazilian members of the clergy, politicians, teachers, and military personnel. Lay scholars and medical doctors founded a Brazilian institute devoted to the study and diffusion of psychognomy in 1949. They published two volumes of a psychognomy treatise, and the institute was active until the early 1960s, when social interest in the subject rapidly vanished.The Brazilian Headache Society (Sociedade Brasileira de Cefaleia, SBCe, in Portuguese) nominated a Committee of Authors with the aim of establishing a consensus with recommendations regarding prophylactic treatment for episodic migraine based on articles published in the worldwide literature, as well as personal experience. Migraine affects 1 billion people around the world and more than 30 million Brazilians. In addition, it is an underdiagnosed and undertreated disorder. It is well known within the medical community of neurologists, and especially among headache specialists, that there is a need to disseminate knowledge about prophylactic treatment for migraine. For this purpose, together with the need for drug updates and to expand knowledge of the disease itself (frequency, intensity, duration, impact and perhaps the progression of migraine), this Consensus was developed, following a full online methodology, by 12 groups who reviewed and wrote about the pharmacological categories of the drugs used and, at the end of the process, met to read and establish conclusions for this document. The drug classes studied were anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, monoclonal anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (anti-CGRP) antibodies, beta-blockers, antihypertensives, calcium channel inhibitors, other antidepressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs, and dual-action antidepressants), other drugs, and polytherapy. Hormonal treatment and anti-inflammatories and triptans in minimum prophylaxis schemes (miniprophylaxis) will be covered in a specific chapter. The drug classes studied for part I of the Consensus were anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, monoclonal anti-CGRP antibodies, and beta-blockers.

The Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a spongiform encephalopathy that manifests as a rapidly progressive dementia syndrome. Currently, CJD has no cure, and many patients die within the first year, but some drugs are being studied as options for managing this condition.

To evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments offered to patients with CJD as a means to increase survival and reduce cognitive deterioration.

A systematic review of the literature was performed using 4 independent reviewers and 1 extra reviewer to resolve possible divergences in the search and analysis of papers indexed in MedLINE (PubMed), SciELO and Lilacs databases. The Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms used were

,

,

,

,

,

,

, and

, with the Boolean operators

and

. This search included controlled clinical trials, uncontrolled clinical trials, and case series published from the year 2000 onwards, in the English language.

A total of 85 papers were found using the descriptors used. At the end of the selection analyses, 9 articles remained, which were analyzed fully and individually.

None of the drugs evaluated proved significantly effective in increasing survival in patients with CJD. Flupirtine appears to have a beneficial effect in reducing cognitive deterioration in patients with CJD. However, additional studies are needed to establish better evidence and therapeutic options for the management of patients with CJD.

None of the drugs evaluated proved significantly effective in increasing survival in patients with CJD. Flupirtine appears to have a beneficial effect in reducing cognitive deterioration in patients with CJD. CFSE ic50 However, additional studies are needed to establish better evidence and therapeutic options for the management of patients with CJD.

Cutaneous silent period (CSP) is the interruption in muscle activity after painful stimulation of a sensory nerve.

The aim of the present study is to assess CSP changes in patients with polyneuropathy (PNP).

The present study was carried out to assess CSP in individuals with diabetes (DM) and Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. The sample comprised 24 individuals with DM, 10 individuals with CMT1 disease, and 10 individuals with CMT2 disease. The control group (CG) consisted of 59 individuals.

The mean latencies recorded for the upper limbs in the CG were 79.2 milliseconds (onset latency), 69.3 milliseconds (50% reduction latency), 112.2 milliseconds (end latency), and 33.1 milliseconds (CSP duration). On the other hand, the mean latencies recorded for the lower limbs were 99.0 milliseconds (onset latency), 85.0 milliseconds (50% reduction latency), 136.9 milliseconds (end latency), and 38.2 milliseconds (CSP duration). The mean latencies recorded for the CG were significantly lower than the ones recorded for other groups, both in the upper and lower limbs.

Cutaneous silent period values recorded for the CG in the present study were close to the ones reported in studies available in the literature. Abnormal CSP parameters were observed in the group of individuals with PNP. The end latency in the lower limbs helped differentiating the demyelinating subgroup from the axonal one.

Cutaneous silent period values recorded for the CG in the present study were close to the ones reported in studies available in the literature. Abnormal CSP parameters were observed in the group of individuals with PNP. The end latency in the lower limbs helped differentiating the demyelinating subgroup from the axonal one.

Sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea and restless legs syndrome are prevalent in the general population and patients with chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS).

This study compared the prevalence of sleep disorders complaints, fatigue, depression, and chronotype of adult patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) to a representative sample of São Paulo city residents.

A comparative study was made between PwMS and volunteers from the São Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study (Episono) study. We compared the scores of sleep questionnaires using the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) test to evaluate the effects and analysis of variance (ANOVA) as a follow-up test. Covariates were age, sex, and physical activity. The Pearson correlation test was performed to measure the correlation between Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the scores of the sleep questionnaires. Finally, we applied propensity score matching to reduce bias in estimating differences between the two groups. Anal The immunomodulatory drugs commonly used to treat MS may have contributed to these findings.

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a very common clinical condition throughout the world. The diagnostic tests currently recommended have low sensitivity, such as electromyography, or are invasive, such as skin biopsy. New techniques have been developed to identify the early involvement of the peripheral nerve. With the advent of corneal confocal microscopy (CCM), a reduction in corneal innervation in patients with DN has been observed.

To compare, through CCM, diabetic patients with symptomatic distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP) and controls.

In the present study, through CCM, we compared the morphological changes in the sub-basal epithelial corneal plexus of 35 diabetic patients with symptomatic DSP with 55 controls. Moreover, we sought to determine a pattern of change regarding the severity stages of DSP, comparing the clinical, laboratory, and nerve-conduction (NC) variables.

Differences between the control and diabetic groups were observed for the following variables, respectively age (44.9 ± 13.24 years versus 57.02 ± 10.4 years;

 < 0.001); fiber density (29.7 ± 10.2 versus 16.6 ± 10.2;

 < 0.001); number of fibers (4.76 ± 1.30 versus 3.14 ± 1.63;

 < 0.001); number of Langerhans cells (4.64 ± 8.05 versus 7.49 ± 10.3;

 = 0.035); tortuosity (

 < 0.05); and thickness (

 < 0.05). Furthermore, inverse relationships were found regarding fiber density and age (

 < 0.01) and fiber density and the severity of the disease (

 < 0.05). A positive relationship between the conduction velocity of the fibular nerve and fiber density (

 < 0.05) was also observed.

Corneal confocal microscopy proved to be a fast, noninvasive and reproducible method for the diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of diabetic DSP.

Corneal confocal microscopy proved to be a fast, noninvasive and reproducible method for the diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of diabetic DSP.

The coexistence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with clinical forms of Parkinson disease (PD), although uncommon, is found to a greater degree than one would expect by chance. The pathological mechanisms of ALS and PD are still not fully understood, and the coexistence of these two diseases suggests that they could share mechanisms in common.

Here we present a sample of patients with clinically definitive or probable ALS who were evaluated with single-photon emission computed tomography SPECT/TRODAT and compared with non-ALS controls.

Patients with clinically definite or probable ALS were assessed with the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale (ALSFRS) to define severity and had their demographic data collected. The TRODAT results of patients with ALS were compared with those of patients with a diagnosis of PD with less than 10 years of duration, and with patients with a diagnosis of others movement disorders not associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

A total of 75% of patients with ALS had TRODAT results below the levels considered normal; that was also true for 25% of the patients in the control group without neurodegenerative disease, and for 100% of the patients in the PD group. A statistically significant difference was found between patients with ALS and the control group without neurodegenerative disease in the TRODAT values < 0.05.

Our study fits with the neuropathological and functional evidence that demonstrates the existence of nigrostriatal dysfunction in patients with ALS. Further research to better understand the role of these changes in the pathophysiological process of ALS needs to be performed.

Our study fits with the neuropathological and functional evidence that demonstrates the existence of nigrostriatal dysfunction in patients with ALS. Further research to better understand the role of these changes in the pathophysiological process of ALS needs to be performed.

Neurology is a high-demand specialty with long waiting lines. Some pathologies require rapid decision-making. Through technology, telemedicine can allow neurological patients to have faster access to specialized assessment. In store-and-forward telemedicine, the specialist physician evaluates data collected by a general practitioner and optimizes screening.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of asynchronous telemedicine, used to refer patients from primary care to neurology, in the city of Curitiba, in southern Brazil.

A retrospective analysis of all patients referred from primary care to neurology between September 2019 and February 2020. After a request is made by a general medical doctor for a specialist's opinion, 5 neurologists with complete access to patients' records are tasked with the decision-making. The main variables analyzed were clinical reasons for telemedicine request, neurologist decision, final diagnosis, indication for diagnostic procedures, and subsequent follow-up.