Jainthurston2768
The persistent induction in gene expression and enzyme activities is higher in female mice than in male mice for Cyp2b10 but not for Cyp2c29 and Cyp3a11. These results will stimulate studies to evaluate the long-term impacts of drug treatment with different doses at neonatal and infant ages on drug metabolism, therapeutic efficacy, and drug-induced toxicity throughout the rest of life.The purpose of this cross-sectional exploratory study was to describe Hispanic women's level of obesity, eating patterns, and access to food. Forty-eight Hispanic women ages 23-73 years participated in the study during a community health fair in the Northeastern United States. see more Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, nonparametric Mann-Whitney tests, and Fisher's exact tests. Findings revealed that women had an average body mass index of 30, with 76% being classified as overweight or obese. Sixty-one percent of the women reported not having enough money to buy food at least once a week, and 50% received Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits. link2 More than half of the women regularly ate fast food, and those women with the lowest income ate fast food more often. More than 90% of the women reported not knowing how to choose healthy foods. Half had been informed to change their diet for health reasons. Gaining a better understanding of access barriers to healthy foods in marginalized populations may assist in developing future weight loss interventions.Positive youth development is designed to promote healthy physical, intellectual, psychosocial, and emotional development in the transition from adolescence to adulthood through a primary focus on youth's inherent capacity for positive growth. We conducted 2 focus groups, 1 with Latina mothers (n = 4) and 1 with Latina daughters (n = 4) in central North Carolina, to explore their views on positive youth development. Latina mothers and daughters discussed problems they faced with future aspirations, definitions of health, and cultural differences. These findings can provide a foundation for developing an intervention to empower Latina youth to make a healthy transition to adulthood.Although an ethnically diverse workforce is believed to enhance patient care quality, Hispanics are under-represented in the nursing workforce. Recruiting and retaining Hispanic students in nursing programs is essential for greater workforce participation. This grounded theory study explored practices used by Hispanic nursing students to promote their academic success during the first semester of a baccalaureate program. Fifteen Hispanic nursing students participated in focus groups and individual interviews. Students engaged in an adaption process composed of phases related to arrival, managing, and responding to evaluations. For entering Hispanic nursing students, recognizing the weight of different assignments and adjusting time and energy accordingly were essential in the process of arriving at success. Finances, family dynamics, dealing with potential failure, and time management were significant concerns.This article describes the procedures used to determine the conceptual adequacy and cultural appropriateness of a newly developed HIV Testing Enablers Assessment (H-TEA) instrument to be used with underserved Hispanic/Latino immigrant women. The aim was to create an appropriate format for women with similar language proficiencies and ethnic backgrounds. We discuss the feedback we received from the women in terms of cultural nuances we must pay attention to when creating items and organizing them into an assessment instrument. Women reported on the understandability, comfort level, likelihood of truthfulness, and cultural relevancy of questions and response options for the instrument. These are key factors in developing an instrument that is relevant, reliable, and culturally appropriate for our target population.Acculturation tends to erode Hispanic immigrants' initial health advantage. Using a more nuanced conceptualization of acculturation than previous studies, we explore the associations between acculturation and Hispanic children's asthma. Data came from an observational mail survey of caretakers of Hispanic schoolchildren in El Paso, Texas (N = 1,513). Results from generalized linear models (GzLMs) demonstrate that acculturation was a significant positive predictor of asthma. The addition of interaction terms revealed that prenatal smoking, low birth weight, breastfeeding, and pest exposure significantly modified the effect of acculturation on asthma. Results suggest that although higher levels of acculturation were detrimental overall, the effects were not equally damaging for all Hispanic children. Findings foster an understanding of how the effect of acculturation on Hispanic children's asthma is intensified or attenuated by distinct individual-level risk factors.Given the well-known linkage between diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB), the World Health Organization recommends bidirectional screening. Here we report the first screening effort of its kind from a chest clinic in the Ampara district of Sri Lanka. Of 112 TB patients registered between January 2013 and October 2014, eight had pre-existing DM. Of those remaining, 83 (80%) underwent fasting plasma glucose testing, of whom two (2%) and 17 (20%) were found to have diabetes and impaired fasting glucose, respectively. All of these were enrolled in care. Screening TB patients for DM was found to be feasible at the district level. Further studies at the provincial/country level are required before making any decision to scale up bidirectional screening.
The three Basic Management Units (BMUs) of the National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP) in Cotonou, Benin.
To determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among tuberculosis (TB) patients in Cotonou.
A cross-sectional study of consecutively registered TB patients treated for a minimum of 2 weeks between June and July 2014 in the three BMUs, with measurement of their fasting blood glucose (FBG). A patient was considered as having DM if venous FBG was ⩾7 mmol/l or if they reported a known history of DM.
There were 159 patients assessed 114 with new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), 5 with new smear-negative PTB, 8 with extra-pulmonary TB, 21 retreatment patients with fully susceptible bacilli and 11 with multidrug-resistant TB. Of these, respectively 31 (19%), 18 (11%) and 10 (6%) were human immunodeficiency virus co-infected, smokers and hypertensive. Eight patients (5%) had impaired fasting glucose and three (1.9%) had DM (FBG ⩾ 7 mmol/l), of whom two were already known to have the disease and one was newly diagnosed.
DM may not be an important risk factor for TB in Cotonou. A larger study on TB and DM in the whole country is needed.
DM may not be an important risk factor for TB in Cotonou. A larger study on TB and DM in the whole country is needed.
All 19 public health laboratories in Swaziland that had Xpert(®) MTB/RIF machines installed as part of a countrywide roll-out between June 2011 and June 2014.
To evaluate the utilisation and functionality of Xpert from 2011 to mid-2014.
Descriptive study of Xpert implementation using routinely collected data.
Of 48 829 Xpert tests conducted, 93% were successful 14% detected Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 12% showed rifampicin resistance. The most common cause of unsuccessful tests was an 'Error' result (62%). Similar findings were obtained in government-supported and partner-supported laboratories. Annual utilisation of Xpert improved from 51% of maximum capacity in 2011 and 2012 to 74% in 2013 and 2014. A monitoring and supervision exercise of all Xpert testing sites in 2014 showed a generally good performance, with over 50% of laboratories achieving a ⩾80% score on most components. However, poor scores were obtained with equipment use and maintenance (6% achieving a score of ⩾80%), internal audit (19% achieving a score of ⩾80%) and process control (25% achieving a score of ⩾80%).
Countrywide roll-out of Xpert in Swaziland has been successful, although operational issues have been identified and need to be resolved.
Countrywide roll-out of Xpert in Swaziland has been successful, although operational issues have been identified and need to be resolved.
The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Puducherry, India, which has facilities for molecular diagnostic technique.
To determine pre-diagnostic and pre-treatment attrition among presumptive multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients and reasons for attrition.
In this mixed-methods study, the quantitative component consisted of retrospective cohort analysis through record review of all presumptive MDR-TB patients recorded between October 2012 and September 2013. The qualitative component included in-depth interviews with key informants involved in programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis services.
Of 341 eligible presumptive MDR-TB patients, pre-diagnostic and pre-treatment attrition was respectively 45.5% (155/341) and 29% (2/7). Patients with extra-pulmonary TB (RR = 2.3), those with human immuno-deficiency and TB co-infection (RR = 1.7), those registered during October-December 2012 (RR = 1.3) and those identified from primary/secondary health centres (RR = 1.8) were less likely to be tested. Themes that emerged during the analysis of the qualitative data were 'lack of a systematic mechanism to track referrals for culture and drug susceptibility testing', 'absence of courier service to transport sputum', 'lack of knowledge and ownership among staff of general health system', 'shortage of diagnostic kits' and 'patient non-adherence'.
Despite the introduction of molecular diagnostic techniques, operational issues in MDR-TB screening remain a concern and require urgent attention.
Despite the introduction of molecular diagnostic techniques, operational issues in MDR-TB screening remain a concern and require urgent attention.Illness often poses a significant financial burden on individuals and their households, and tuberculosis (TB) is no exception. Although TB treatment is free in Nigeria, patients are likely to incur costs due to multiple visits during treatment. The purpose of this study was 1) to examine the health-seeking behaviour of TB patients and the costs borne by TB patients in Nigeria, and 2) to assess the social impact of TB disease on TB patients and their families/households. link3 Of 260 TB patients surveyed, the majority (74.7%) were aged between 20 and 49 years. TB patients expended an average of US$52.02 (N = 8323.58, at the rate of US$1 = N = 160) per person on all visits associated with diagnosis and receipt of diagnostic test results. Overall, households experienced a shortfall of about US$57.30 (N = 9174.72) or 24.9% of income loss due to TB illness. Further analysis revealed that 9.7% of TB patients relied on children of school age or below to finance the costs of TB illness.
Public sector hospitals and primary health clinics in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa.
To determine whether failure to adhere to tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic guidelines (i.e., submit sputum for smear microscopy) contributed to the low bacteriological coverage reported for TB in 2008 in Mpumalanga Province.
We reviewed clinical records for new pulmonary TB cases at 30 of 118 randomly selected facilities that met the bacteriological coverage target of 80% and 30/87 facilities that did not. Data for hospital and clinic cases were abstracted into case report forms, captured electronically and compared with data from the electronic TB register (ETR). We assessed age, sex, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and facility type as potential confounders for recording of smear microscopy results.
Age, sex and HIV infection did not influence recording of results. In hospitals, 61.8% of pulmonary TB cases had sputum smear results in their clinical records compared to 93.6% at clinics (P < 0.001).
